Power of Attorney (POA) in India: Meaning, Types & Process Explained

Aug 31, 2025
Private Limited Company vs. Limited Liability Partnerships

A Power of Attorney (POA) is a legally recognised tool in India that allows you to delegate authority to another individual. Whether it’s managing property transactions, overseeing business operations, or making urgent healthcare decisions, having someone you trust act on your behalf becomes essential.

It ensures your affairs continue smoothly and lawfully, even when you are unable to manage them directly. 

In this guide, we’ll cover the definition of a Power of Attorney, its importance, types, and structure and provide insights on drafting, revoking, and using it effectively.

Table of Contents

What is a Power of Attorney?

A Power of Attorney (POA) is a legal document in which one person, known as the Principal, authorises another person, called the Attorney-in-fact or Agent, to act on their behalf.

  • Purpose: To delegate decision-making powers for specific or broad tasks.
  • Scope: May cover financial, property, legal, or medical matters.
  • Duties of Attorney-in-Fact: The agent is expected to act in good faith, follow the instructions of the principal, and protect the principal's best interests.

In India, a POA is governed by the Indian Contract Act, 1872, and recognised under the Powers of Attorney Act, 1882.

Why is a Power of Attorney Important?

A Power of Attorney holds significance because:

  • Delegates responsibilities: Useful when you live abroad or are unavailable to handle tasks.
  • Ensures legal protection: Provides a valid legal framework, reducing the risk of fraud or disputes.
  • Offers flexibility: Can be broad or limited, depending on your needs.
  • Medical decision-making: Ensures someone you trust can make healthcare choices during emergencies.
  • Business continuity: Prevents disruption in financial and legal transactions.

Types of Power of Attorney Forms

In India, POAs can be categorised based on their scope and purpose:

  1. General Power of Attorney (GPA): Grants broad powers to the agent for financial, property, and legal affairs.

  2. Durable Power of Attorney: Remains valid even if the principal becomes mentally incapacitated.

  3. Special/Limited Power of Attorney (SPA): Authorises the agent to perform only specific tasks, such as selling a property.

  4. Medical Power of Attorney: Gives authority to make healthcare-related decisions if the principal cannot.

  5. Springing Power of Attorney: Becomes effective only upon a particular event, such as illness or absence.

Each type has its unique purpose, making it important to choose based on your specific requirement.

Structure of a Power of Attorney Document

A legally valid POA must include certain essential elements:

  • Identification of Parties: Full details of the Principal and Attorney.
  • Powers Granted: Clearly defined scope of authority.
  • Validity Duration: Period for which the POA remains effective.
  • Termination Conditions: Events that end the POA (e.g., completion of the task, revocation, or death).
  • Signatures and Witnesses: Both parties must sign, and witnesses should attest.
  • Notarisation/Registration: Depending on the type of POA, notarisation or registration with the sub-registrar may be required for enforceability.

Format of Power of Attorney

A standard POA format in India typically includes:

  1. Title: “Power of Attorney”
  2. Details of Principal and Agent: Names, addresses, and identification.
  3. Recitals: Background and reasons for creating the POA.
  4. Grant of Powers: Specific rights and authority granted.
  5. Validity Clause: Duration or conditions of applicability.
  6. Signature and Date: Signed by principal and agent.
  7. Witness Signatures: At least two witnesses.
  8. Notarisation/Stamping: To comply with legal requirements.

General Power of Attorney vs Special Power of Attorney

Aspect General Power of Attorney Special Power of Attorney
Scope Broad- covers multiple financial, legal, and property-related matters Limited- specific task only
Purpose Suitable for ongoing management of affairs Ideal for one-time transactions (e.g., property sale)
Convenience Offers flexibility and continuity Restricts misuse due to limited scope
Termination Can be revoked anytime by the principal or by death/incapacity Terminates automatically upon task completion

Choosing between GPA and SPA depends on whether you need long-term authority or task-specific delegation.

Key Considerations for a Power of Attorney

When creating a POA, keep the following in mind:

  • Select a trustworthy agent: Ensure the person is reliable and capable.
  • Define scope clearly: Avoid vague language that may lead to misuse.
  • Seek legal advice: Especially for property-related or durable POAs.
  • Register where necessary: For property transactions, registration with the sub-registrar is mandatory.
  • Know revocation rights: Understand how to cancel or modify your POA if required.

How to Revoke a Power of Attorney

A Power of Attorney is not permanent; you can revoke it at any time as long as you are competent.

Steps to revoke a POA:

  1. Draft a revocation notice in writing, stating that the authority granted is withdrawn.
  2. Inform the attorney-in-fact directly about the revocation.
  3. Notify concerned parties (banks, registrars, institutions) to avoid unauthorised use.
  4. Register the revocation deed with the sub-registrar if the original POA was registered.
  5. Public announcements (in newspapers) are advisable to ensure wide awareness and prevent misuse.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

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One Person Company
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Limited Liability Partnership
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BEST SUITED FOR
  • Professional services 
  • Firms seeking any capital contribution from Partners
  • Firms sharing resources with limited liability 

Frequently Asked Questions

Is a Power of Attorney created online legally valid in India?

Yes, a Power of Attorney (POA) drafted online is legally valid in India as long as it meets all legal requirements:

  • It must be appropriately drafted with precise details of the principal and agent.
  • It should be signed by the principal in the presence of at least two witnesses.
  • For certain transactions (like property matters), the POA must be notarised or registered with the Sub-Registrar to be enforceable.

When is a Power of Attorney required to be registered?

Registration of a POA is mandatory in specific cases, such as:

  • When the POA relates to the transfer of immovable property (sale, lease, mortgage, etc.).
  • If required under state laws (stamp duty and registration rules differ by state).
  • For durability and enforceability, registration is generally recommended even if not compulsory.

In other cases, notarisation alone may suffice.

What is the authentication process for Power of Attorney documents?

The authentication process includes:

  1. Drafting the POA clearly stating powers and scope.
  2. Stamping as per state laws (value varies across states).
  3. Execution (signing) by the principal in front of two witnesses.
  4. Notarisation before a notary public for legal credibility.
  5. Registration at the local Sub-Registrar’s office if it relates to property or long-term authority.

If the POA is executed abroad, it must be authenticated by the Indian Consulate/Embassy and then stamped/registered in India.

Is it safe to store my Power of Attorney document digitally?

Yes, it is safe if done carefully:

  • Store in secure cloud storage or encrypted drives.
  • Share only with trusted individuals (like your agent or lawyer).

A digital copy is helpful for reference, but the original stamped/notarised/registered document is usually required for official use.

Can I edit my Power of Attorney PDF after it has been created?

Technically, you can edit the text of a POA PDF using editing tools. However, once a POA has been executed (signed, stamped, or registered), you cannot legally alter it by editing the file.

Swagatika Mohapatra

Swagatika Mohapatra is a storyteller & content strategist. She currently leads content and community at Razorpay Rize, a founder-first initiative that supports early-stage & growth-stage startups in India across tech, D2C, and global export categories.

Over the last 4+ years, she’s built a stronghold in content strategy, UX writing, and startup storytelling. At Rize, she’s the mind behind everything from founder playbooks and company registration explainers to deep-dive blogs on brand-building, metrics, and product-market fit.

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LLP Form 3: A Complete Guide

LLP Form 3: A Complete Guide

One of the most important compliance steps when forming a Limited Liability Partnership (LLP) in India is filing LLP Form 3. This form is required to officially document the LLP agreement, which governs the internal operations of the partnership, the roles and responsibilities of partners, profit-sharing ratios, and more. Filing LLP Form 3 with the Ministry of Corporate Affairs (MCA) holds legal significance and must be submitted within a strict timeline of 30 days from the date of incorporation.

In this guide, we’ll walk you through everything you need to know about LLP Form 3, from its purpose and components to filing steps, fees, penalties, and new updates under the LLP Amendment Rules 2023.

Table of Contents

What is LLP Form 3?

LLP Form 3 is a mandatory form that captures the LLP agreement, the foundation document that outlines the operational framework of a Limited Liability Partnership. This agreement defines the relationship among partners, including their roles, decision-making powers, profit and loss sharing arrangements, and more.

It serves as a legal document that governs how the LLP will be run and must be submitted to the MCA to make the LLP agreement officially valid.

Purpose of Filing LLP Form 3

Filing LLP Form 3 is essential because it:

  • Legally documents the LLP agreement with the government
    Defines the rights, duties, and responsibilities of all partners
  • Establishes clarity on how the LLP will operate
  • Ensures regulatory compliance with the MCA
    Helps prevent internal disputes by clearly stating each partner’s role and profit-sharing ratio

Without a properly filed LLP Form 3, the LLP risks facing legal and operational complications.

When to File LLP Form 3?

LLP Form 3 must be filed within 30 days from the date of incorporation of the LLP.

In addition to the initial filing, any changes or amendments made to the LLP agreement, such as changes mentioned below, must also be reported by filing a fresh Form 3 within 30 days of the amendment date.

  • Partner details
  • Capital contribution
  • Profit-sharing ratio
  • Management structure

Key Components of LLP Form 3

LLP Form 3 is designed to capture critical aspects of the LLP agreement, including:

  • Capital contributions of each partner
  • Profit-sharing ratios
  • Roles and responsibilities of partners
  • Management structure and authority levels
  • Decision-making processes
  • Dispute resolution clauses
  • Procedures for adding or removing partners
  • Meeting protocols and voting rights

These elements ensure the LLP operates smoothly and fairly for all stakeholders.

Steps to File LLP Form 3

Here’s a step-by-step guide to filing LLP Form 3 online:

  1. Log in to the MCA portal.
  2. Download the latest version of LLP Form 3 under the “MCA Services > LLP E-Forms” section.
  3. Fill in the required details of the LLP agreement:
    • LLP name and LLPIN
    • Date of agreement
    • Partner details and their contributions
      Rights, responsibilities, and governance structure
  4. Attach the signed LLP agreement as a PDF
  5. Upload any other mandatory documents (as specified)
  6. Validate and pre-scrutinise the form using the MCA tool
  7. Sign digitally (DSC) by a designated partner
  8. Submit the form and make the payment online

{{llp-cta}}

Filing LLP Form 3 for LLP Incorporation and Changes in LLP Agreement

LLP Form 3 is divided into two key sections:

1. Initial Filing of LLP Agreement (Section 1):

Used at the time of incorporation, this section requires details like:

  • Nature of business
  • Partner contributions
  • Profit-sharing ratios
  • Decision-making and meeting procedures

2. Filing Amendments to LLP Agreement (Section 2):

Used when there’s a change in:

  • Capital contribution
  • Partners or their roles
  • Profit-sharing arrangements

You must provide:

  • Amendment date
  • Number of changes
  • SRN (Service Request Number) of related forms previously filed

Before proceeding to either section, you must enter basic details like LLPIN, registered address, and jurisdiction.

Additional Disclosure Requirements – Revised Form No. 3 (LLP Rules 2023)

The LLP (Amendment) Rules, 2023 introduced stricter disclosure norms in Form No. 3 to enhance transparency, especially when a corporate body is a partner.

New requirements include filling Table 19(a) with:

  • Body Corporate Partner (Yes/No) – Indicates if the partner is a corporate entity.
  • Partner/Nominee ID – DPIN, PAN, or Passport number of the individual or nominee.
  • Additional ID Details – Supporting information related to the identification number.
  • Corporate Type – Type of body corporate (e.g., company, LLP).
  • Corporate ID – CIN, LLPIN, FCRN, FLLPIN, or other ID numbers.
  • Additional Corporate Details – Extra info related to the above IDs.
  • Corporate Name – Legal name of the body corporate partner.
  • Designation – Whether the person is a Partner or Designated Partner.
  • Contribution Form – Mode of contribution (Cash/Non-cash/Conversion).
  • Contribution Value – Monetary value of the contribution.
  • Profit Share % – Profit sharing ratio assigned to the partner.
  • Type of Change – Whether the entry reflects an addition, deletion, change, or no change.

These disclosures ensure better governance and accountability within LLPs.

Fees for Filing LLP Form 3

The fee for LLP Form 3 varies based on the contribution amount:

Contribution Amount Government fee
Up to ₹1 lakh ₹50
₹1 lakh–₹5 lakh ₹100
₹5 lakh–₹10 lakh ₹150
₹10 lakh–₹25 lakh ₹200
₹25 lakh–₹1 crore ₹400
Above ₹1 crore ₹600

Note: Additional charges apply for late filing, which can accrue up to ₹100 per day of delay without any cap.

Penalty for Non-Filing Form 3 LLP

Failing to file the LLP Form 3 on time results in:

  • Late filing fees of ₹100 per day
  • Potential rejection of other compliance forms
  • Inability to legally enforce the LLP agreement
  • Legal complications and MCA notices
  • Difficulty in onboarding new partners or raising capital

Common Mistakes to Avoid

Avoid these common errors when filing LLP Form 3:

  • Entering incorrect partner details
  • Uploading unsigned or outdated LLP agreements
  • Missing the 30-day deadline
  • Not updating the form after changes in the LLP agreement
  • Skipping mandatory fields in Table 19(a) (as per 2023 rules)

Pro Tip: Always validate and preview the form before submission, and keep a copy of the SRN for future reference.

Conclusion

LLP Form 3 is an important compliance document that legally records your LLP agreement with the Ministry of Corporate Affairs. It captures critical aspects like partner roles, profit-sharing arrangements, and decision-making protocols that define how your LLP functions.

If you’re forming an LLP or planning amendments to your existing agreement, don’t overlook LLP Form 3. Stay compliant to not only avoid hefty penalties but also build a solid foundation for the growth and scalability of your LLP.

Frequently Asked Questions

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Limited Liability Partnership
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1,499 + Govt. Fee
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  • Professional services 
  • Firms seeking any capital contribution from Partners
  • Firms sharing resources with limited liability 

One Person Company
(OPC)

1,499 + Govt. Fee
BEST SUITED FOR
  • Freelancers, Small-scale businesses
  • Businesses looking for minimal compliance
  • Businesses looking for single-ownership

Private Limited Company
(Pvt. Ltd.)

1,499 + Govt. Fee
BEST SUITED FOR
  • Service-based businesses
  • Businesses looking to issue shares
  • Businesses seeking investment through equity-based funding


One Person Company
(OPC)

1,499 + Govt. Fee
BEST SUITED FOR
  • Freelancers, Small-scale businesses
  • Businesses looking for minimal compliance
  • Businesses looking for single-ownership

Private Limited Company
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1,499 + Govt. Fee
BEST SUITED FOR
  • Service-based businesses
  • Businesses looking to issue shares
  • Businesses seeking investment through equity-based funding


Limited Liability Partnership
(LLP)

1,499 + Govt. Fee
BEST SUITED FOR
  • Professional services 
  • Firms seeking any capital contribution from Partners
  • Firms sharing resources with limited liability 

Frequently Asked Questions

What are the LLP Form 3 and Form 4?

  • LLP Form 3 is used to file the LLP Agreement and any changes made to it. It defines the structure, roles, responsibilities, and terms between the partners.
  • LLP Form 4 is used to inform the Ministry of Corporate Affairs (MCA) about appointments, changes, or resignations of designated partners or partners in an LLP.

Is Filing Form 3 necessary for the Limited Liability Partnership?

Yes, filing Form 3 is mandatory. The LLP Agreement must be legally submitted to the MCA within 30 days of incorporation. Failure to do so may result in penalties and legal non-compliance.

What are the LLP Form 3 non-filing fees?

If LLP Form 3 is not filed on time, the late filing fee is ₹100 per day until the default continues. There is no maximum cap, which means the penalty can accumulate significantly if delayed.

What is Form 3 used for?

Form 3 is used to:

  • File the initial LLP Agreement with the MCA.
  • Report any changes to the existing LLP Agreement (e.g., change in capital, profit-sharing ratio, or partner roles).

What is the due date for filing Form 3 for LLP?

The due date is within 30 days from:

  • The date of LLP incorporation (for the initial agreement) or
  • The date of any modification made to the LLP Agreement.

What is the penalty for Form 3 LLP?

The penalty for not filing Form 3 within the prescribed time is:

  • ₹100 per day of delay, with no upper limit, as per MCA rules.
  • This can lead to substantial fines and can delay other compliance activities or changes to the LLP structure.

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Nipun Jain is a seasoned startup leader with 13+ years of experience across zero-to-one journeys, leading enterprise sales, partnerships, and strategy at high-growth startups. He currently heads Razorpay Rize, where he's building India's most loved startup enablement program and launched Rize Incorporation to simplify company registration for founders.

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Small Company Definition in India - Razorpay Rize

Small Company Definition in India - Razorpay Rize

The Ministry of Corporate Affairs (MCA) has revised the definition of a "Small Company" in India through the Companies (Specification of Definitions Details) Amendment Rules, 2022, effective from 15 September 2022. This amendment aims to reduce compliance burdens for small companies and support their growth in India's economic landscape. The updated criteria focus on the paid-up capital and turnover limits, making it easier for businesses to qualify as small companies under the Companies Act 2013.

Small companies play a vital role in India's economy, generating profits and creating employment opportunities. The revised small company definition is expected to benefit a larger number of businesses, fostering entrepreneurship and innovation across various sectors. By understanding the new criteria and the benefits offered to small companies, entrepreneurs can make informed decisions while setting up or managing their ventures.

Table of Contents

What are Small Companies?

Small companies, as defined by the Companies Act 2013, are private limited businesses with lower annual revenue compared to regular-sized companies. They follow the same registration process as private limited companies but have distinct financial criteria. To be classified as a small company as per the Companies Act, a business must meet the revised thresholds for paid-up capital and turnover.

The significance of small companies in India's economy cannot be overstated. They contribute to profit generation and job creation, making them essential drivers of economic growth. By providing goods and services to local communities and niche markets, small companies help foster inclusive development across the country.

The New Definition of Small Company

A small company is now defined as a non-public entity as per the Companies (Specification of Definition details) Amendment Rules, 2022, effective from 15 September 2022, if it meets the following conditions:

  • Small company paid-up capital should not exceed ₹4 Crores, or such higher amount specified, which should not exceed ₹10 Crores.
  • Small company turnover limit should not exceed ₹40 Crores, or such higher amount specified, which should not exceed ₹100 Crores.

It is important to note that certain companies are excluded from being classified as small companies, even if they meet the above criteria. These include:

  • Public companies
  • Holding companies
  • Subsidiary companies
  • Companies registered under Section 8 (non-profit companies)
  • Companies governed by any special act

The 2022 amendment significantly broadened the scope for small companies, enhancing their eligibility for benefits and simplifying compliance requirements, thus fostering growth in the small business sector in India.

Earlier Definition of Small Companies 2021

Prior to the 2022 amendment, the definition of small companies underwent changes in 2021. The thresholds for paid-up capital and turnover were revised as follows:

Criteria Threshold
Paid-up capital Maximum: ₹2 crores
Turnover Maximum: ₹20 crores

Comparing Small Company New Definition with Old Definitions

The Companies (Specification of Definition details) Amendment Rules, 2022, have further expanded the scope of small companies by increasing the limits for paid-up share capital and turnover. Here's a comparison of the key changes between the old and new definitions:

H3 - Criteria H3 - Old Definition (before 2021) H3 - Old Definition (2021) H3 - New Definition (2022)
Paid-up share capital Maximum: ₹50 lakhs Maximum: ₹2 crores Maximum: ₹4 crores
Turnover Maximum: ₹2 crores Maximum: ₹20 crores Maximum: ₹40 crores

The increased thresholds allow more firms to be classified as small companies and avail of the benefits provided under the Companies Act 2013. This expansion is expected to reduce compliance burdens and facilitate ease of doing business for a larger number of small businesses in India.

Benefits of Revised Small Company Definition

Exemption from Preparing Cash Flow Statements

Small companies are not required to include cash flow statements in their financial reports, simplifying their accounting processes.

Simplified Annual Filings

They can prepare and file an abridged annual return, reducing administrative workload.

Fewer Board Meeting Requirements: 

Small companies are mandated to hold only two board meetings per year instead of four, which lessens operational demands.

Impact on Audit Processes

  1. Auditors are not required to report on the adequacy of internal financial controls.
  2. There is no compulsory rotation of auditors, which can reduce costs and administrative burdens.

Compliance Ease 

A director can sign annual returns in the absence of a company secretary, further streamlining operations.

Reduced Penalties for Non-Compliance: 

This encourages small companies to focus on growth rather than worrying excessively about penalties.

These exemptions and relaxations aim to ease the compliance burden on small companies, allowing them to focus on their core business activities and growth strategies.

{{company-reg-cta}}

Characteristics of a Small Company in India

Small companies in India have distinct characteristics that set them apart from larger enterprises. Some of the key traits include:

Ownership Structure 

Typically, small companies are privately owned entities, often structured as private limited companies, partnerships, or sole proprietorships. This ownership model allows for greater control and flexibility in decision-making but limits access to larger capital investments.

Simplified Compliance 

One of the key advantages of being classified as a small company is the reduced compliance burden. They benefit from exemptions, such as not needing to prepare cash flow statements, simplified annual filings, and fewer requirements for board meetings—only two are mandated per year. These measures significantly alleviate administrative pressures, allowing owners to focus on core business activities.

Auditing Requirements 

Small companies face less stringent auditing requirements. For instance, they are not obligated to rotate auditors or report on the adequacy of internal financial controls, which reduces costs and simplifies financial oversight.

Limited Resources and Workforce

Small companies generally operate with limited resources and a smaller workforce. They often employ fewer staff members, sometimes relying on a single individual or a small team to manage operations. This can lead to agility in decision-making but may also pose challenges in scaling operations or managing increased demand.

Restricted Market Reach

The market reach of small companies is typically confined to local or regional areas. They often serve niche markets or specific community needs, such as convenience stores in rural areas. This limitation can hinder growth opportunities compared to larger firms with broader market access.

How to Register a Small Company as per the Companies Act 2013?

To register a business online as a small company under the Companies Act 2013, follow these steps:

  1. Obtain Digital Signature Certificates (DSCs) for all proposed directors and subscribers
  2. Reserve the company name by submitting Part-A of the SPICe+ form
  3. File Part-B of the SPICe+ form along with required documents (Memorandum of Association (MOA), Articles of Association (AOA), Professional Declaration, Affidavits, Identity and Address Proofs, and Correspondence Address)
  4. Pay prescribed fees and stamp duty for the SPICe+ form, MOA, and AOA
  5. Obtain the Certificate of Incorporation from the Registrar of Companies (ROC) upon successful review of submitted documents

Matters to be included in the Board's Report for small companies:

  • The web address for the Annual Return (if available)
  • Number of Board meetings held during the year
  • Directors' Responsibility Statement as per Section 134(5)
  • Details of any frauds reported by the auditor under Section 143(12), except those reportable to the Central Government
  • Explanations or comments on any qualifications, reservations, or adverse remarks in the auditor's report
  • Summary of the company's current affairs and business overview
  • Financial summary or highlights
  • Material changes in the nature of the business after the financial year-end and their impact on the company's financial position
  • Changes in directorship during the year
  • Significant legal or regulatory orders affecting the company's going concern status or future operations

Synopsis of MCA Notification on Companies (Specification of Definition details) Amendment Rules 2022

The MCA has issued the Companies (Specification of Definition details) Amendment Rules, 2022, effective from 15 September 2022. The key amendments include:

  1. Rule 2 has been amended by substituting a new clause 2(1)(t), which specifies the revised definition of small companies.
  2. The thresholds for paid-up capital and turnover have been increased in the definition of a small company under the Companies Act 2013.

These amendments aim to provide relief to a larger number of businesses by classifying them as small companies and offering them various benefits and exemptions under the Companies Act 2013.

Frequently Asked Questions

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Private Limited Company
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1,499 + Govt. Fee
BEST SUITED FOR
  • Service-based businesses
  • Businesses looking to issue shares
  • Businesses seeking investment through equity-based funding


Limited Liability Partnership
(LLP)

1,499 + Govt. Fee
BEST SUITED FOR
  • Professional services 
  • Firms seeking any capital contribution from Partners
  • Firms sharing resources with limited liability 

One Person Company
(OPC)

1,499 + Govt. Fee
BEST SUITED FOR
  • Freelancers, Small-scale businesses
  • Businesses looking for minimal compliance
  • Businesses looking for single-ownership

Private Limited Company
(Pvt. Ltd.)

1,499 + Govt. Fee
BEST SUITED FOR
  • Service-based businesses
  • Businesses looking to issue shares
  • Businesses seeking investment through equity-based funding


One Person Company
(OPC)

1,499 + Govt. Fee
BEST SUITED FOR
  • Freelancers, Small-scale businesses
  • Businesses looking for minimal compliance
  • Businesses looking for single-ownership

Private Limited Company
(Pvt. Ltd.)

1,499 + Govt. Fee
BEST SUITED FOR
  • Service-based businesses
  • Businesses looking to issue shares
  • Businesses seeking investment through equity-based funding


Limited Liability Partnership
(LLP)

1,499 + Govt. Fee
BEST SUITED FOR
  • Professional services 
  • Firms seeking any capital contribution from Partners
  • Firms sharing resources with limited liability 

Frequently Asked Questions

What is a small company as per the Companies Act, 2013?

A small company, as per the Companies Act, 2013, is a private limited company that meets the revised criteria for paid-up capital (not exceeding ₹4 crores) and turnover (not exceeding ₹40 crores) as specified in the Companies (Specification of Definition details) Amendment Rules, 2022.

What is a small company's limit?

The small company limit, as per the latest amendment, is a paid-up capital not exceeding ₹4 crores and a turnover not exceeding ₹40 crores.

What are the small companies in India?

Small companies in India are private limited businesses that meet the revised criteria for paid-up capital and turnover as specified in the Companies Act 2013. They play a crucial role in the country's economic growth by generating profits, creating jobs, and fostering entrepreneurship.

What is the definition of a small company, as per SEBI?

The Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) defines a small company based on market capitalisation. Specifically, a small-cap company has a market capitalisation below ₹5,000 crores. This classification is distinct from the definition of a small company under the Companies Act 2013, which focuses on paid-up capital and turnover thresholds.

What is the size of a small-cap company?

As per SEBI's definition, a small-cap company has a market capitalisation below ₹5,000 crores. This classification is based on the company's market value and is different from the definition of a small company under the Companies Act 2013.

Appointment of Director to Your Company: Eligibility, Procedure & More

Appointment of Director to Your Company: Eligibility, Procedure & More

Appointment of a director is a crucial step in establishing a Private Limited Company. A director oversees the company's operations and ensures compliance with legal requirements. 

Additionally, directors play a vital role in protecting shareholder investments and steering the company towards success. In this article, we will delve into the process of appointing a director in a Private Limited Company, the eligibility criteria to be a director and the provisions of the Companies Act 2013 for the appointment of directors.

Table of Contents

Understanding the Role of a Director

Directors are individuals appointed by shareholders to supervise a company's activities, as guided by the Memorandum of Association (MOA) and Articles of Association (AOA). Since a company is a legal entity and cannot act independently, it functions through its directors. The Board of Directors, composed of these individuals, is responsible for the company's management and decision-making.

In a Private Limited Company, directors hold significant importance. They are tasked with making everyday decisions and overseeing the company's administration. Shareholders rely on directors to manage their investments effectively and ensure the company's growth and success.

Types of Directors of a Company

Directors are categorised into various types based on their roles and responsibilities. Let us take a closer look at each type:

Executive Directors

  • Actively involved in the company's daily management.
  • Often hold specific executive roles, such as CEO, CFO or COO.
  • Responsible for implementing the company's strategies and policies.

Non-Executive Directors

  • Do not participate in the company's day-to-day management.
  • Provide independent oversight to the company's board and management.
  • Offer valuable insights and advice based on their expertise and experience.

Independent Directors

  • A subset of non-executive directors with no financial or other vested interests in the company apart from their role as directors.
  • Primary responsibility is to safeguard the interests of the company's shareholders.
  • Ensure transparency and accountability in the company's operations.

Nominee Directors

  • Appointed by third-party authorities or the Government to tackle mismanagement and misconduct.
  • Represent the interests of the appointing authority.
  • Monitor the company's activities and report any irregularities.

Appointment of Director to Private Limited Company

Specific requirements must be met when appointing directors in a Private Limited Company, these are:

  • The maximum directors in a private company is 15. 
  • The minimum directors in a private company is 2.
  • The limit of 15 directors can be exceeded by appointing additional directors through a special resolution with the support of 75% or more shareholders.
  • The appointment of directors must be in accordance with the provisions of the Companies Act 2013.

Provisions of the Companies Act, 2013

The Companies Act 2013 includes several key provisions related to the appointment and roles of directors:

  • Section 149: Details mandatory requirements, such as having a certain number of directors, including a female director and a resident director.
  • Section 152: Specifies the process for appointing directors at the company's general meeting and mandates the use of the Director Identification Number (DIN).
  • Section 161: Provides guidelines for appointing additional, alternate and nominee directors by the Board.
  • Section 164: Lists the disqualifications for becoming a director, ensuring that only eligible individuals are appointed to the board.

By adhering to these provisions, companies can establish a well-structured and compliant board of directors.

Reasons for Adding or Changing Directors in a Company

There are several reasons why a company may choose to appoint new directors/board of directors or change its existing board composition:

  1. Introducing New Talent: As a company grows, it may become necessary to bring new talent to the board to address new challenges and requirements that come with expansion.
  2. Preventing Ownership Dilution: By appointing additional directors, shareholders can delegate more operational responsibilities without relinquishing strategic control.
  3. Addressing Inefficiency of Current Directors: A company may appoint new directors to maintain efficiency if existing directors are underperforming due to personal issues.
  4. Complying with Statutory Requirements: Companies must maintain a specific number of directors according to the Companies Act 2013. They must promptly appoint new directors to comply with legal requirements if the number falls below the minimum.

Eligibility to Be A Director in a Company

To be eligible for appointment as a director, an individual must meet the following criteria:

  • Be at least 18 years old, as minors are not permitted to hold the director position.
  • Not be disqualified under the provisions of the Company Act 2013, which include:
    • Being an undischarged insolvent
    • Having been convicted of an offence involving moral turpitude
    • Having been convicted of an offence under the Companies Act 2013
    • Having been disqualified by an order of a court or tribunal
  • Have mutual consent from the Board of Directors, shareholders and the individual being considered for the directorship.

It is crucial to ensure that the prospective director meets these eligibility criteria before proceeding with the appointment process.

Documents for Director Appointment

When appointing a director, the following documents are required:

  1. PAN card
  2. Identity proof (Voter ID, driver's license, Aadhaar card, etc.)
  3. Residence proof (utility bills, rental agreement, etc.)
  4. Recent passport-sized photograph
  5. Digital Signature Certificate (DSC)

Procedure for Appointing/Add a Director to a Company

The process of appointing a director involves several key steps:

  1. Reviewing the Articles of Association (AOA)

The first step is to review the company's Articles of Association (AOA) to ensure that it includes a clause permitting the appointment or addition of directors. If the current AOA lacks such a provision, it should be amended to include one before proceeding with the director's appointment.

  1. Conducting a General Meeting for Director Appointment

The company must formally appoint a director by passing a resolution in a general meeting, either during an Annual General Meeting (AGM) or an Extraordinary General Meeting (EGM). 

To arrange an EGM, the company must conduct a board meeting to pass a resolution for holding the EGM. The resolution to appoint the director must be filed in Form MGT-14 with the Registrar of Companies within 30 days.

  1. Applying for Director Identification Number (DIN) & Digital Signature Certificate (DSC)

The individual selected for directorship must apply for a Digital Signature Certificate (DSC) and a Director Identification Number (DIN) if they do not already possess these. After obtaining the DIN, the prospective director must provide the company with their DIN along with a declaration affirming that they are not disqualified from being a director.

  1. Obtaining Consent from the Prospective Director – Form DIR-2

The individual proposed for directorship must express their consent to serve in this role by submitting Form DIR-2, a formal consent to act as a director. An individual can only be appointed as a company director by explicitly giving their consent. This step is crucial to ensure that the prospective director is willing to take on the responsibilities associated with the position.

  1. Issuing a Letter of Appointment to the Director

After obtaining consent from the prospective director, the company should issue a formal Letter of Appointment. This director appointment should detail the terms and conditions of the appointment, including the director's roles, responsibilities and any remuneration or salary. The Letter of Appointment serves as a legal document that outlines the expectations and obligations of both the company and the director.

  1. Filing Forms DIR-2 and DIR-12 with the ROC

Once the resolution for the appointment of a director is passed and the individual has submitted Form DIR-2, the company can officially appoint them as a director. 

The company must file both Form DIR-2 and Form DIR-12 (detailing the particulars of the director's appointment) with the Registrar of Companies (ROC) within 30 days of the director's appointment. Failing to file these forms within the prescribed time frame can result in penalties and legal complications.

  1. Filing Amendment Applications with GST and Tax Authorities

After appointing a new director, the company must file the necessary applications to update the director's details with various regulatory authorities, including the GST Network (GSTN) and other relevant certificates, to reflect the change in directorship. This step ensures that the company remains compliant with all legal and regulatory requirements related to its directors.

Frequently Asked Questions:

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Frequently Asked Questions

How to appoint a director in a company?

To appoint a director in a company, follow these steps:

  1. Review the Articles of Association (AOA) to ensure it allows for the appointment of new directors.
  2. Conduct a general meeting (AGM or EGM) to pass a resolution for the director's appointment.
  3. Ensure the prospective director applies for a Director Identification Number (DIN) and Digital Signature Certificate (DSC).
  4. Obtain consent from the prospective director through Form DIR-2.
  5. Issue a Letter of Appointment to the director.
  6. File Forms DIR-2 and DIR-12 with the Registrar of Companies (ROC) within 30 days of the appointment.
  7. Update the director's details with relevant regulatory authorities, such as the GST Network (GSTN).

What are the criteria for the appointment of a director?

The criteria for the appointment of a director include:

  • Being at least 18 years old.
  • Not being disqualified under the provisions of the Company Act, 2013.
  • Having mutual consent from the Board of Directors, shareholders and the individual being considered for the directorship.

Possessing a valid Director Identification Number (DIN) and Digital Signature Certificate (DSC).

How do you write a Director's appointment letter?

A Director's appointment letter should include the following details:

  • The date of appointment
  • The term of appointment (if applicable)
  • The roles and responsibilities of the director
  • Remuneration or salary details (if any)
  • Expectations regarding attendance at board meetings and other company events.
  • Confidentiality and non-disclosure clauses
  • Termination conditions

What is the manner of appointment of Directors?

Directors are appointed through a formal resolution passed at a general meeting of the company (AGM or EGM). The appointment must be approved by the shareholders and comply with the provisions of the Companies Act, 2013. The appointed director must provide their consent through Form DIR-2 and possess a valid Director Identification Number (DIN) and Digital Signature Certificate (DSC).

How much does it cost to appoint a director?

The cost of appointing a director may vary depending on factors such as:

  • Professional fees for legal and compliance services.
  • Filing fees for Forms DIR-2 and DIR-12 with the Registrar of Companies (ROC).
  • Charges for obtaining a Director Identification Number (DIN) and Digital Signature Certificate (DSC).
  • Any remuneration or salary offered to the director.

It is advisable to consult with a legal professional or corporate service provider to determine the specific costs involved in appointing a director for your company.

How long does a director appointment take?

The timeline for a director appointment may vary depending on factors such as:

  • The availability of the required documents and information.
  • The time taken to conduct the general meeting and pass the appointment resolution.
  • The processing time for obtaining a Director Identification Number (DIN) and Digital Signature Certificate (DSC).
  • The efficiency of filing Forms DIR-2 and DIR-12 with the Registrar of Companies (ROC).

Typically, the entire process of appointing a director can take anywhere from a few days to a couple of weeks, subject to the company's diligence and compliance with legal requirements.

What documents are required for a director appointment?

The documents required for a director appointment include:

  • PAN Card
  • Identification Proof (Voter ID, Driving Licence, Aadhaar Card, etc.)
  • Proof of Residence (utility bills, rental agreements, etc.)
  • Passport Size Photograph
  • Digital Signature Certificate (DSC)
  • Consent to act as a director (Form DIR-2)
  • Declaration of non-disqualification

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