Corporate Identification Number (CIN) Explained: Importance, Usage and More

Dec 30, 2024
Private Limited Company vs. Limited Liability Partnerships

A Corporate Identification Number (CIN) is a unique identifier issued to companies registered with India's Registrar of Companies (ROC). This number is provided at the time of registration and plays a vital role in company compliance. It must be included in all official filings, audits, and reports submitted to the Ministry of Corporate Affairs (MCA). 

To ensure smooth business operations, you must include your CIN in all required documents. It’s mandatory and demonstrates your company’s legal standing.

Table of Contents

What Is a Corporate Identification Number (CIN)?

A Corporate Identification Number or CIN number is a 21-character alpha-numeric code assigned to companies registered under the Registrar of Companies in India. It acts as a unique identifier, reflecting details like the type of company, its state of registration, and year of incorporation.

A CIN is provided to all companies registered in India, including:

  • Private Limited Companies (PLCs)
  • One Person Companies (OPCs)
  • Companies owned by the Government of India
  • State Government Companies
  • Not-for-Profit Section 8 Companies
  • Nidhi Companies, etc.

In contrast, Limited Liability Partnerships (LLPs) are assigned an LLPIN (Limited Liability Partnership Identification Number). The CIN plays a vital role in company identification and compliance with legal obligations.

Importance of Corporate Identification Number

The CIN is critical for identifying and tracking a company’s activities from its incorporation. Assigned by the Registrar of Companies, it ensures every registered company has a distinct identity under the Ministry of Corporate Affairs. This 21-character alpha-numeric code provides key details, such as the company’s registration type, state, and year of incorporation.

For example, a typical CIN might look like U12345MH2024PLC567890, where each segment represents specific company details.

The CIN must be included in all filings, audits, and reports submitted to the ROC or MCA. It is essential for verifying company information during legal and financial transactions, offering transparency and credibility. The CIN acts as the foundation for company identification, ensuring compliance with Indian business regulations.

Breaking Down Corporate Identification Number

A CIN is a 21-character alphanumeric code that reveals key details about a company. It is structured into six sections, each offering specific information that aids in company identification and regulatory tracking by the ROC and the MCA. Here’s a breakdown:

Section-1: Listing Status

The first character indicates whether a company is “Listed” or “Unlisted” on the stock market.

  • L: Listed on the Indian stock exchange.
  • U: Unlisted.

Section-2: Industry Classification

The following five numeric digits represent the company’s primary economic activity or industry. The MCA assigns each category of economic activity a specific code. For example, 12345 could signify a particular industry, such as technology or healthcare.

Section-3: Registration State

The following two letters identify the state where the company is registered. Examples include:

  • TN: Tamil Nadu
  • GJ: Gujarat
  • UP: Uttar Pradesh

This section functions similarly to state codes in vehicle registration numbers.

Section-4: Year of Incorporation

The next four numeric digits represent the company’s year of incorporation. For example, "2015" signifies that the company was established in 2015.

Section-5: Company Classification

The following three characters indicate the company type. Examples include:

  • PLC: Public Limited Company
  • NPL: Not-for-Profit Organisation
  • SGC: State Government Company

Section-6: Unique Registration Number

The last six digits are the company’s unique registration number, assigned by the ROC to distinguish it from other entities.

CIN number example: U12345TN2015PLC789101

This example shows an unlisted company (U) operating in a specific industry (12345), registered in Tamil Nadu (TN), incorporated in 2015 (2015), classified as a public limited company (PLC), with a unique registration number of 789101.

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Abbreviations in CIN Number

The abbreviations used in Section 5 of the CIN include:

  • FLC: Financial Lease Company as Public Limited.
  • FTC: Private Limited Company Subsidiary of a Foreign Company.
  • GAP: General Association Public.
  • GAT: General Association Private.
  • GOI: Government of India-owned companies.
  • NPL: Not-for-Profit License Company.
  • PLC: Public Limited Company.
  • PTC: Private Limited Company.
  • SGC: State Government-owned Companies.
  • ULL: Unlimited Liability Limited Company.
  • ULT: Unlimited Liability Trust.

Usage of Corporate Incorporation Number

The CIN is essential for ensuring compliance and maintaining legitimacy. It must be used in the following:

  • Invoices: To identify the company in financial transactions.
  • Notices: For official communication with stakeholders.
  • Letterheads: To reflect the company’s legal identity in correspondence.
  • Annual Reports: As a mandatory disclosure for regulatory purposes.
  • MCA e-forms: To ensure accurate filing with the Ministry of Corporate Affairs.
  • Publications: For transparency in public-facing materials.

Using the CIN correctly ensures smooth corporate communication and compliance with Indian legal requirements.

Penalty for Non-Compliance of Mentioning CIN Number

Failing to comply with the requirement of mentioning the CIN on official documents can lead to significant penalties. If the requirements are not met, the defaulting company and its officers in default face a penalty of ₹1,000 per day, continuing until the non-compliance is rectified. The maximum penalty for such defaults is capped at ₹1,00,000. These penalties ensure strict adherence to regulatory norms and maintain transparency in corporate operations.

Changing Corporate Identification Number

You cannot directly change the Corporate Identification Number (CIN), but it automatically updates when specific changes occur in your company’s status or structure. These changes include:

  • Listing Status: The CIN updates automatically if your company transitions from private to public or is delisted. For example, a Private Limited Company converting into a Public Limited Company will update its CIN to reflect the new listing status.
  • Registered Office Location: Moving your company’s registered office to another state will result in an updated CIN to match the new state code. For example, if your company relocates its registered office from Maharashtra to Karnataka, the CIN will change from 'MH' to 'KA'.
  • Industry or Sector: A change in your company’s primary business activity will update the industry classification in the CIN. For example, a company shifting from software services to financial services will modify its CIN to reflect the new industry.

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Frequently Asked Questions

How to apply for CIN?

A CIN is automatically assigned to a company during its registration with the Registrar of Companies (ROC). You do not need to apply for it separately. Ensure you complete all registration requirements with the Ministry of Corporate Affairs (MCA).

How do I find my company's CIN number?

You can find your company’s Corporate Identification Number (CIN) on the MCA website by following these steps:

  1. Visit the MCA website.
  2. Click on the 'MCA Services' tab on the homepage.
  3. From the 'Company Services' dropdown, select 'Find CIN'.
  4. Choose the 'Search Based on Existing Company/LLP Name' option.
  5. Enter the company name in the 'Existing Company' field, complete the captcha, and click 'Search'.

Is CIN allotted to LLP?

No, CIN is specific to companies registered under the Companies Act. Limited Liability Partnerships are assigned a unique identification called an LLPIN instead of a CIN.

What is an example of a corporate identity number?

An example of a CIN is U12345MH2020PTC098765, where:

  • U indicates an unlisted company.
  • 12345 represents the industry.
  • MH denotes Maharashtra as the state of registration.
  • 2020 is the year of incorporation.
  • PTC indicates a private limited company.
  • 098765 is the unique registration number.

How to get a CIN certificate?

Once a company is successfully registered, the ROC provides a CIN certificate. The certificate includes the CIN and other registration details as official proof of the company’s incorporation.

Are CIN and GST the same?

No, CIN and GST are entirely different. CIN is a company identification number issued during registration, while GSTIN (Goods and Services Tax Identification Number) is related to business tax compliance under the GST Act.

Is mentioning CIN on the company’s invoices, bills, and receipts mandatory?

Yes, the Corporate Identification Number (CIN) must be mentioned on invoices, bills, receipts, letterheads, notices, and other official documents. Non-compliance can result in penalties.

Related Posts

Director in a Private Limited Company: Meaning, Roles, and Types

Director in a Private Limited Company: Meaning, Roles, and Types

A director in a private limited company plays a crucial role in steering the business towards success while ensuring it operates within legal and ethical boundaries. They’re not just figureheads—they are the driving force behind the company’s growth and stability. In India, the role of private limited company directors is both powerful and essential. 

Beyond just compliance, directors also inspire and lead the team. They set the tone for the company's culture and vision, fostering an environment where employees feel motivated and valued. Their decisions can drive innovation, enhance productivity and ultimately lead to the company's success.

Table of Contents

Meaning of Director in Private Limited Company

In a private limited company, a director is an individual appointed to the board of directors, responsible for managing the company's affairs. Directors act on behalf of the company, making high-level decisions to steer the company toward its goals.  For example, appointing key executives, such as a CEO or CFO or approving budgets to support growth initiatives.

Be it any type of company, their role includes overseeing corporate strategies, managing financial risks and ensuring compliance with relevant laws. 

Directors are entrusted with fiduciary duties and expected to act in the company's best interest, as well as that of shareholders and stakeholders. They are key decision-makers and hold significant power in shaping the company's direction, whether in operations, business expansions or financial management.

In short, directors form the backbone of a company’s governance structure and are accountable for its overall performance.

Becoming Director in a Private Limited Company

To become a director in a private limited company, follow these steps:

Step 1. Obtain a Director Identification Number (DIN):

  • Apply for a unique DIN via the Ministry of Corporate Affairs (MCA) portal.
  • This is a mandatory requirement for anyone seeking an appointment as a director.

Step 2. Prepare Necessary Documents:

  • Gather proof of identity (such as a PAN card) and address (such as an Aadhaar card or utility bill).
  • Ensure all documents are valid and up-to-date for smooth processing.

Step 3. Submit Documents During Incorporation:

  • Provide the required documents as part of the company incorporation or appointment process.

Step 4. Appointment by Shareholders:

  • The company's shareholders formally appoint the director during a board meeting.
  • Ensure the appointment is in compliance with the company's Articles of Association.

Step 5. Register Appointment with Registrar of Companies (RoC):

  • The appointment must be officially registered with the RoC to complete the process.

Step 6. Understand Director Responsibilities:

  • Recognise that being a director comes with significant legal, financial, and operational responsibilities.

Private Limited Company Directors Responsibilities

A director in pvt ltd company fulfils various duties and responsibilities that ensure the company’s smooth operation and compliance with laws. Here are some company director duties:

  • Act within Powers

Directors must act within the authority of the company's Memorandum and Articles of Association, ensuring all actions are legal and authorised.

Example: A director of a manufacturing firm must seek board approval before signing a contract for a new supplier, as stipulated in the company’s Articles of Association.

  • To Promote the Welfare of the Company

Directors must always prioritise the company’s success, avoiding decisions that might harm its operations or financial standing.

Example: A director of a retail chain may opt to delay expansion plans during an economic downturn to ensure the company’s financial stability.

  • Exercise Personal Discretion

Directors are expected to use their judgment and discretion in decision-making, ensuring they make independent choices that align with the company’s interests.

Example: A director in a tech startup may choose to invest in a high-potential but risky innovation project after independently analysing market trends, even if other board members are hesitant.

  • Avoid Conflict of Interest

Directors must avoid situations where their personal interests conflict with the interests of the company, such as taking part in business transactions that may benefit them personally.

Example: A director owning shares in a vendor company must disclose this relationship and recuse themselves from decisions involving contracts with that vendor.

  • Make Independent Decisions

As a director, it’s crucial to maintain the ability to make independent decisions that are in the best interest of the company’s growth and long-term success. 

Example: A director may support a merger proposal after conducting an unbiased evaluation of the deal’s benefits, even if opposed by some stakeholders.

  • Crisis Management

During challenging times, directors must manage crises effectively, keeping the company’s long-term goals in mind and navigating risks judiciously.

Example: A director in a logistics company might quickly implement contingency plans during a supply chain disruption, ensuring customer commitments are met while minimizing losses.

The role of a director in a company is a balance of leadership, responsibility and ethics. Every decision you make impacts the company, and you must ensure that the company thrives and adheres to the law.

Types of Directors in Company Law

Private limited companies can have different types of company directors, each with specific roles and responsibilities. Major types of directors in a private limited company include:

  • Managing Director(MD)

The Managing Director (MD) is the highest ranking director responsible for overseeing the company’s daily operations and ensuring its goals and strategies are successfully carried out.

As the MD, this director holds significant decision-making authority and is responsible for setting organisational policies, managing resources and leading the team. They work closely with the board to align the company’s strategic initiatives with long-term objectives. 

The MD bridges the board and the company's operational team, driving performance and growth.

  • Whole-Time Director

A Whole-Time Director is a full-time employee dedicated to specific operational responsibilities within the organisation. Unlike non-executive directors, they are involved in the company's daily operations, overseeing areas such as finance, HR or marketing. 

Their role is to ensure smooth operational performance and to support the MD and board by managing specific functions and executing company policies. Whole-Time Directors are vital in implementing the board’s strategic decisions on a day-to-day basis.

  • Ordinary Director

An Ordinary Director is a member of a company’s board of directors, serving in a non-executive capacity. Their primary role is to attend board meetings, contribute to discussions, and participate in decision-making processes that shape the company's strategy and policies. 

Unlike executive directors or managing directors, Ordinary Directors are not involved in the day-to-day management or operations of the business.

  • Nominee Director

A Nominee Director is appointed to represent the interests of a particular stakeholder, often an investor or a lending institution. They serve on the board to ensure that the appointing party’s interests and concerns are considered in key company decisions. 

Nominee Directors may be particularly common in joint ventures or companies with external funding. Their responsibility is to maintain a balanced perspective in the boardroom, ensuring the investor or stakeholder’s views are addressed without compromising the company's broader interests.

  • Alternate Director

An Alternate Director is appointed temporarily to act in place of an absent director, usually one who is based abroad or unavailable for a period. The Alternate Director has the same powers and responsibilities as the original director and participates in board meetings and decision-making. 

This role ensures continuity in governance, allowing the company to maintain full functionality even when a permanent director is unavailable.

  • Professional Director

A Professional Director is an individual appointed to a company’s board based on their expertise, skills, and experience rather than their relationship with the company’s founders or shareholders. 

Typically, these directors bring specialised knowledge in areas such as finance, law, operations, marketing, or industry-specific expertise that adds value to the board’s decision-making process.

All the types of directors in a company bring specific expertise and focus, helping ensure a well-rounded leadership team.

Number of Directors in Private Limited Company

The number of directors in private limited company depends on the scale and needs of the business. The minimum directors in the private limited company can be 2. However, the maximum number of directors in a private company is 15. A smaller company may only need two or three directors.

It is important to balance the number of directors, as having too few can limit the diversity of opinions and skills, while too many can create inefficiencies in decision-making. 

When determining the optimal number of directors for a company, consider the following factors:

  • Company Size and Complexity

Larger or more complex companies benefit from more directors handling diverse functions and providing specialised knowledge in finance, operations and marketing.

  • Industry Requirements

Certain industries, especially those highly regulated (e.g., finance, healthcare), may require directors with specific expertise or certifications, potentially increasing the ideal board size.

  • Diversity of Skills and Perspectives

A well-rounded board should include directors with diverse skills, professional backgrounds and viewpoints, enhancing decision-making and innovation.

  • Corporate Governance Standards

For better governance and accountability, adding more independent or non-executive directors can help provide objective oversight and mitigate conflicts of interest.

  • Decision-Making Efficiency

Smaller boards may lead to quicker decision-making, while larger boards can become cumbersome; balance is key for smooth and effective operations.

  • Legal and Compliance Requirements 

Local law often sets minimum and maximum limits on the number of directors, so companies must adhere to these regulatory standards.

  • Cost Implications

Increasing the number of directors adds to costs (e.g., compensation, meeting expenses), so financial resources must be considered when expanding the board.

  • Growth Stage

Early-stage companies may need fewer directors, focusing on core founders, while scaling companies benefit from additional directors with strategic and operational experience.

So, the ideal number of directors depends on the company’s size, the industry and the areas of expertise required.

Company Director Residency Requirement

In India, one of the key legal director requirements for establishing a private limited company is that at least one director must be a resident of India. Under the Companies Act, a resident director is defined as someone who has spent at least 182 days in India during the preceding calendar year. 

This company director residency requirement serves multiple purposes:

  • To ensure local governance and effective leadership
  • As a safeguard against companies that may be established with little or no physical presence in the country, helping the government ensure that companies are genuinely rooted in the local economy. 
  • To enhance accountability and align the company’s operations with India’s regulatory framework, benefiting both the company and its stakeholders.

Conclusion

Directors in private limited companies play a critical role in steering the organisation toward growth and ensuring legal compliance. With increasing complexities in business operations, the responsibilities of directors are more significant than ever. 

As businesses grow and face new challenges, the role of directors will evolve, but one thing will remain constant: the need for both responsible and visionary leadership. Directors must continue to adapt, making informed decisions to lead their companies into the future.

FAQs on Directors in a Private Limited Company

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  • Professional services 
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Private Limited Company
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BEST SUITED FOR
  • Service-based businesses
  • Businesses looking to issue shares
  • Businesses seeking investment through equity-based funding


One Person Company
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1,499 + Govt. Fee
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  • Freelancers, Small-scale businesses
  • Businesses looking for minimal compliance
  • Businesses looking for single-ownership

Private Limited Company
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  • Service-based businesses
  • Businesses looking to issue shares
  • Businesses seeking investment through equity-based funding


Limited Liability Partnership
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  • Professional services 
  • Firms seeking any capital contribution from Partners
  • Firms sharing resources with limited liability 

Frequently Asked Questions

Can a person be a director in more than one company?

In India, under the Companies Act of 2013, a person can serve as a director in a maximum of 20 companies at once. However, there are limits within this cap—only 10 of these can be public companies. This rule aims to ensure that directors can effectively fulfil their responsibilities without being stretched too thin across multiple organisations.

Can a director be appointed without a DIN (Director Identification Number)?

No, a director in India cannot be appointed without a DIN. A DIN is mandatory under the Companies Act of 2013, as it uniquely identifies each director and is required for their appointment in any company. The DIN application is submitted to the Ministry of Corporate Affairs, and once obtained, it is used for all directorships and filings.

How does a director influence a company's culture?

A director plays a significant role in shaping a company’s culture by setting ethical standards, defining organisational values and leading by example. Directors influence company culture through the policies they approve, the leadership tone they set and their interactions with executives and employees. 

By encouraging open communication, promoting transparency and supporting employee development, directors can positively impact morale and align the company’s culture with its strategic goals.

Are company directors involved in day-to-day operations?

Generally, directors are not involved in a company's day-to-day operations; their role is more strategic and supervisory. They focus on high-level governance, setting long-term goals and ensuring that the company's management team is performing well. 

However, in smaller companies or startups, directors might take a more hands-on approach, becoming more involved in daily tasks and decisions due to limited resources or a smaller team.

Dormant Company Meaning: Section 455 of Companies Act 2013

Dormant Company Meaning: Section 455 of Companies Act 2013

The concept of a dormant company was introduced in the Companies Act, 2013 to allow businesses to maintain their legal status while having minimal operations. Dormant company registration under Section 455 of the Act is a strategic move for companies planning to become temporarily inactive due to various reasons, such as holding assets, protecting intellectual property, or preparing for future projects. This article delves into the meaning, eligibility, benefits, and process of obtaining dormant company status in India.

Table of Contents

What Is a Dormant Company?

Under the Companies Act, 2013, a dormant company refers to an entity that is temporarily inactive, with no significant accounting transactions during a financial year. The definition of a dormant company encompasses companies that are:

  • Incorporated for future projects
  • Established to hold assets or intellectual property
  • Not engaged in any significant financial transactions

To be eligible for dormant company status, a company must meet the following criteria:

  • No significant accounting transactions during the last two financial years
  • No filing of financial statements and annual returns with the Registrar of Companies (ROC) in the preceding two financial years

It's important to note that a company can remain dormant for a maximum of five consecutive financial years. After this period, the company must either commence operations or apply for an extension of dormant status with the ROC.

Is a Dormant Company Allowed To Trade?

A dormant company is not allowed to conduct significant business transactions, such as:

  • Buying or selling goods and services
  • Engaging in revenue-generating operations
  • Undertaking any other form of trade

However, a dormant company can carry out certain essential activities, including:

  • Paying fees and fulfilling compliance requirements under the Companies Act or other applicable laws
  • Maintaining its registered office and records
  • Allotting shares to shareholders

Engaging in active trading or substantial business transactions may lead to the loss of dormant company status. Therefore, it is crucial for business owners to ensure that their dormant company remains compliant with the prescribed regulations.

A Brief Overview of Dormant Status Under the Companies Act 2013

Section 455 of the Companies Act 2013 introduced the concept of dormant companies to provide a legal framework for businesses that wish to temporarily suspend their operations while maintaining their legal status. This provision allows companies to:

  • Preserve their assets and intellectual property
  • Reduce compliance costs during periods of inactivity
  • Keep their company name reserved for future projects

Meaning of Inactive Company

An inactive company, as per the Companies Act 2013, is a company that:

  • Has not conducted any significant financial transactions during the last two financial years
  • Has not filed financial statements and annual returns with the ROC for the preceding two financial years

Reasons for Obtaining the Status of a Dormant Company

There are several reasons why a company may choose to obtain dormant company status:

  • To preserve the company name for future business ventures
  • To hold assets or intellectual property without actively engaging in business operations
  • To reduce compliance costs and regulatory burdens during periods of inactivity
  • To facilitate business restructuring or strategic planning
  • To maintain legal status while the promoters or directors are unavailable due to personal reasons, such as illness, travel, or sabbatical

Top 5 Benefits of Opting for Dormant Company Status

  1. Reduced Compliance Requirements: Dormant companies are subject to significantly fewer compliance obligations under the Companies Act 2013. This includes exemptions from holding frequent board meetings, appointing auditors, and filing detailed annual returns.
  2. Cost Savings: By reducing compliance requirements, dormant companies can save on administrative expenses, such as auditor fees, legal costs, and filing charges. This can be particularly beneficial for small businesses and start-ups looking to minimise overhead costs.
  3. Brand Name Protection: Registering as a dormant company allows businesses to protect their brand name and prevent others from registering a similar name. This is crucial for companies that have invested in building a strong brand identity and want to preserve it for future use.
  4. Flexibility for Future Business Plans: Dormant company status provides businesses with the flexibility to reactivate their operations when the time is right. This can be particularly useful for companies that are waiting for market conditions to improve or for key personnel to return from extended absences.
  5. Simplified Annual Filings: Dormant companies are required to file a simplified version of the annual return, known as Form MSC-3. This form requires less detailed information compared to the annual returns filed by active companies, reducing the administrative burden on business owners.

By weighing the benefits of dormant company status against the specific needs and goals of their business, entrepreneurs can make informed decisions about whether this legal structure is suitable for their situation.

Mandatory Requirements for Obtaining Dormant Status

To be eligible for dormant company status under Section 455 of the Companies Act 2013, a company must fulfil certain mandatory requirements:

  1. No Significant Accounting Transactions: The company must not have carried out any significant accounting transactions during the financial year for which dormant status is sought. This excludes transactions related to the allotment of shares, payment of fees to the ROC, and maintenance of the company's office and records.
  2. No Outstanding Liabilities: The company must not have any outstanding loans, whether secured or unsecured, or any other outstanding liabilities. If there are any outstanding unsecured loans, the company must obtain a no-objection certificate from the lenders before applying for dormant status.
  3. No Pending Regulatory Actions: There should be no pending inspections, inquiries, or investigations against the company by any regulatory authorities. Additionally, no prosecution proceedings should be initiated against the company under any law.
  4. Up-to-date Statutory Filings: The company must have filed all its pending returns, including annual returns and financial statements, with the ROC before applying for dormant status.
  5. Shareholder Approval: The company must obtain approval from its shareholders through a special resolution passed at a general meeting. Alternatively, the company can obtain the consent of at least 3/4th of its shareholders by value through a written resolution.

How to File for Dormant Status: A Step-By-Step Guide

Filing for dormant company status involves a series of steps that must be followed in accordance with the provisions of the Companies Act 2013:

  1. Convene a Board Meeting: The company's board of directors must convene a meeting to discuss and approve the proposal for obtaining dormant status. The board resolution should authorise the filing of the necessary application and documents with the ROC.
  2. Obtain Shareholder Approval: The company must obtain approval from its shareholders either through a special resolution passed at a general meeting or through the written consent of at least 3/4th of the shareholders by value.
  3. Prepare the Statement of Affairs: The company must prepare a statement of affairs, including a balance sheet and profit and loss account, as of the date of the application for dormant status. This statement should be verified by an affidavit from the company's directors.
  4. File Form MSC-1: The company must file Form MSC-1 with the ROC, along with the necessary supporting documents, including the board resolution, shareholder approval, statement of affairs, and any other relevant documents as specified in the Companies Act 2013.
  5. Pay the Prescribed Fees: The company must pay the prescribed fees for filing Form MSC-1, as specified in the Companies (Registration Offices and Fees) Rules, 2014.
  6. Obtain Certificate of Dormant Status: Upon verification of the application and supporting documents, the ROC will issue a certificate of dormant status to the company in Form MSC-2.

It is important to note that the entire process of filing for dormant company status must be completed within 30 days of obtaining shareholder approval. Companies should seek the assistance of a qualified professional, such as a company secretary or chartered accountant, to ensure compliance with the prescribed procedures and timelines.

ROC Forms for Registering Dormant Company

Form Name Purpose
Form MSC-1 Application for obtaining dormant company status
Form MSC-3 Return of dormant companies
Form MSC-4 Application for seeking the status of an active company
  • Form MSC-1: This form is used to apply for obtaining dormant company status. It must be filed with the ROC within 30 days of obtaining shareholder approval. The form requires details such as the company's name, registered office address, directors' particulars, and the reasons for seeking dormant status.
  • Form MSC-3: This form is used to file the annual return of a dormant company. It must be filed within 30 days from the end of each financial year. The form requires details such as the company's financial position, shareholding pattern, and any changes in the directors' or registered office address.
  • Form MSC-4: This form is used to apply for seeking the status of an active company. It must be filed with the ROC when a dormant company wants to commence business operations. The form requires details such as the company's name, registered office address, and the reasons for seeking active status.

Annual Compliance for Dormant Company

While dormant companies enjoy certain relaxations under the Companies Act 2013, they are still required to fulfil essential annual compliance tasks in four key areas:

  1. Accounting and Financial Statements: Dormant companies must maintain proper books of accounts and prepare financial statements, including a balance sheet and profit and loss account, for each financial year. These financial statements must be approved by the board of directors and presented at the annual general meeting.
  2. Statutory Audit: Dormant companies are required to appoint a statutory auditor to conduct an audit of their financial statements. However, dormant companies are exempt from the requirement of auditor rotation, which is mandatory for active companies.
  3. Tax Return Filings: Dormant companies must file their income tax returns annually, even if they have not generated any income during the financial year. They are also required to comply with other applicable tax laws, such as the Goods and Services Tax (GST) and Tax Deducted at Source (TDS) provisions.
  4. ROC Filings: Dormant companies must file an annual return in Form MSC-3 with the ROC within 30 days from the end of each financial year. This form requires details such as the company's financial position, shareholding pattern, and any changes in the directors' or registered office address.
Compliance Requirement Frequency
Board Meetings Twice a year
Annual General Meeting Once a year
Financial Statements Annually
Statutory Audit Annually
Income Tax Return Filing Annually
Form MSC-3 Filing Annually

By fulfilling these annual compliance requirements, dormant companies can ensure that they remain in good standing with the regulatory authorities and avoid any penalties or legal consequences.

Reactivation of a Dormant Company

A dormant company can be reactivated and commence business operations by following the prescribed procedure under the Companies Act 2013:

  1. Convene a Board Meeting: The company's board of directors must convene a meeting to discuss and approve the proposal for reactivating the company. The board resolution should authorise the filing of the necessary application and documents with the ROC.
  2. File Form MSC-4: The company must file Form MSC-4 with the ROC, along with the necessary supporting documents, including the board resolution and any other relevant documents as specified in the Companies Act 2013.
  3. Pay the Prescribed Fees: The company must pay the prescribed fees for filing Form MSC-4, as specified in the Companies (Registration Offices and Fees) Rules, 2014.
  4. Obtain Certificate of Active Status: Upon verification of the application and supporting documents, the ROC will issue a certificate of active status to the company in Form MSC-5.

Once the company has obtained the certificate of active status, it can commence business operations and is required to comply with all the provisions of the Companies Act 2013 applicable to active companies, including regular compliance requirements such as holding board meetings, filing annual returns, and appointing auditors.

Conclusion

Dormant company under Section 455 of the Companies Act 2013 is a strategic tool for businesses to preserve their legal identity while suspending operations. It allows companies to protect their brand name, reduce compliance costs, and maintain flexibility for future ventures. To benefit from this status, businesses must meet eligibility criteria and comply with statutory requirements. Seeking professional assistance is advisable to navigate the process effectively and avoid legal issues. This approach is ideal for future projects, asset holding, or temporary business pauses, offering a cost-effective solution for maintaining legal existence.

Frequently Asked Questions

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Frequently Asked Questions

How does a company become dormant?

To become a dormant company, a company must pass a special resolution in a general meeting and file Form MSC-1 with the Registrar of Companies, along with the necessary documents and fees.

How long is the company's dormant status?

A company can maintain its dormant status for a maximum of five consecutive financial years. After this period, the company must either reactivate or apply for voluntary closure.

What forms are needed for a dormant company status application?

The key forms required for a dormant company status application are e-Form MGT-14 (filed within 30 days of passing the special resolution) and e-Form MSC-1 (filed within 30 days after the special resolution to apply for dormant status).

Can a dormant company be active?

Yes, a dormant company can reactivate and become an active company by filing Form MSC-4 with the Registrar of Companies, submitting Form MSC-3 (Annual Return), and paying the prescribed fee.

Can a dormant company be closed?

Yes, a dormant company can apply for voluntary closure if it has not been reactivated within five consecutive financial years or if the promoters decide to wind up the business.

How to close a Dormant Company in India?

To close a dormant company in India, the company must follow the voluntary winding-up process under the Companies Act 2013. This involves passing a special resolution, appointing a liquidator, settling all liabilities, and distributing any remaining assets among the shareholders. The company must also file the necessary forms with the Registrar of Companies and obtain approval for the closure.

Sarthak Goyal

Sarthak Goyal is a Chartered Accountant with 10+ years of experience in business process consulting, internal audits, risk management, and Virtual CFO services. He cleared his CA at 21, began his career in a PSU, and went on to establish a successful ₹8 Cr+ e-commerce venture.

He has since advised ₹200–1000 Cr+ companies on streamlining operations, setting up audit frameworks, and financial monitoring. A community builder for finance professionals and an amateur writer, Sarthak blends deep finance expertise with an entrepreneurial spirit and a passion for continuous learning.

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Company Registration for AI Startups in India: A Complete Guide

Company Registration for AI Startups in India: A Complete Guide

In India, the AI ecosystem is evolving at a remarkable pace. The government’s proactive initiatives are creating a supportive environment for emerging tech ventures. Startups are using AI to solve real-world problems in healthcare, fintech, agriculture, logistics, and education, and the demand for intelligent solutions is only accelerating. Global investors are also increasingly considering India a hub for deep-tech innovation, with AI playing a central role.

If you're planning to launch an AI startup in this dynamic landscape, one of the first and most important steps is establishing your legal foundation by registering your company. From choosing the right legal structure to understanding data privacy norms and protecting your intellectual property, the decisions you make early on can significantly impact your startup's journey.

Table of Contents

Why You Should Start an Artificial Intelligence Solutions Business in India?

India is becoming a global AI hub. Several factors make it fertile ground for launching AI startups:

  • Huge Market Demand: Industries like fintech, healthcare, education, and logistics are actively adopting AI.
  • Government Support: Initiatives like the National Strategy for Artificial Intelligence, startup schemes, and sandbox environments encourage AI innovation.
  • Talent Availability: India boasts one of the largest pools of tech and data science talent.
  • Cost Advantage: Operating costs and engineering salaries are still lower than in the West.
  • Global Export Potential: Indian AI products can serve both domestic and international markets.

Market Research and Niche Identification

Before writing a single line of code or registering your business, research is key.

  • Market Research: Analyse trends in AI adoption from predictive analytics and NLP to computer vision and GenAI. Identify real pain points across industries, understand competitor offerings, and spot emerging gaps.
  • Niche Selection: Don’t try to be everything to everyone. Narrow your focus. Are you solving a problem in healthcare diagnostics, automating retail inventory, or creating AI copilots for content teams?
  • Data-Driven Decision Making: Use public datasets, surveys, Google Trends, and customer interviews to validate demand.

Tip: Start small, prove your model in one segment, and then scale.

Kickstart your AI venture—register your startup with expert help tailored for tech founders.

Legal Structure Selection

Your legal structure affects liability, taxation, compliance, funding, and perception.

Popular options for AI startups:

Note: Most AI startups aiming for scale and funding choose to register as Private Limited Companies under the Companies Act, 2013.

Registration and Compliance

Once you’ve selected your legal structure, follow these key steps to register your business:

Key Registration Steps:

  1. Obtain DSCs for directors (Digital Signature Certificate)
  2. Register your company with the MCA (Ministry of Corporate Affairs)
  3. Apply for PAN and TAN
  4. Register for GST if your turnover exceeds the threshold or you're providing services across states
  5. Open a bank account in the company’s name

Tip: Use the SPICe+ form on the MCA portal- it combines name approval, incorporation, PAN, TAN, EPFO, and ESIC into one form.

Intellectual Property (IP) Protection

For an AI startup, IP is your core asset. Whether it's your brand, your algorithm, or your dataset, protect it.

What You Should Consider Protecting:

  • Trademark your brand name and logo
  • Copyright original code, training data, or written content
  • Patent any novel AI technique, model architecture, or unique solution

Data Privacy and Compliance

AI businesses often deal with large volumes of personal and sensitive data. Protecting it is surely mandatory.

Ensure:

  • Clear privacy policies
  • User consent mechanisms
  • Proper data anonymisation
  • Secure storage practices

Funding Your AI Venture

AI businesses often require upfront investment for model training, infrastructure, and talent. Here's how you can fund it:

Funding Options:

  • Bootstrapping: Start lean, especially if you're solving a niche problem
  • Angel Investors: Look for early-stage investors with tech or SaaS experience
  • Venture Capital: Once you have traction or a working product
  • Startup India Scheme / MeitY Grants: Government initiatives for deep-tech and AI

Tip: Most investors in AI want to see real use cases, traction, and defensible technology.

Operational Setup

Once registered, set up your AI business for daily operations:

  • Choose your tech stack (e.g., Python, TensorFlow, AWS/GCP)
  • Hire key roles- data scientists, ML engineers, backend devs, and product owners
  • Set up internal processes for version control, documentation, and data pipelines
  • Create scalable workflows for automation over manual ops

Keeping Up with AI Regulations

AI is under increasing scrutiny globally. Your startup must stay ahead of legal and ethical expectations.

Stay informed on:

  • India’s upcoming AI regulation framework
  • Global movements like the EU AI Act or the OECD AI principles
  • Set up an internal AI ethics framework even if you’re early-stage.

Marketing and Scaling

Even the best AI solution won’t go far without the right Go-To-Market (GTM) strategy.

Marketing Channels:

  • Content Marketing & SEO – Educate, don’t sell
  • LinkedIn & Twitter/X – Engage with the tech and founder community
  • Product Demos & Webinars – Show real-world use cases
  • Partnerships – Integrate with existing platforms or systems

Challenges and Considerations

AI startups in India face unique challenges. Be prepared for:

  • High Development Costs: GPUs and infrastructure aren’t cheap.
  • Access to Quality Data: Clean, labelled data is hard to come by.
  • Talent Gaps: Skilled AI engineers are in high demand.
  • Evolving Regulations: Compliance is still catching up with innovation.
  • Ethical Concerns: Bias, misinformation, and explainability are real issues.

Build lean, partner with academia, and stay agile. Solve real problems, not just technically impressive ones.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

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Private Limited Company
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1,499 + Govt. Fee
BEST SUITED FOR
  • Service-based businesses
  • Businesses looking to issue shares
  • Businesses seeking investment through equity-based funding


Limited Liability Partnership
(LLP)

1,499 + Govt. Fee
BEST SUITED FOR
  • Professional services 
  • Firms seeking any capital contribution from Partners
  • Firms sharing resources with limited liability 

One Person Company
(OPC)

1,499 + Govt. Fee
BEST SUITED FOR
  • Freelancers, Small-scale businesses
  • Businesses looking for minimal compliance
  • Businesses looking for single-ownership

Private Limited Company
(Pvt. Ltd.)

1,499 + Govt. Fee
BEST SUITED FOR
  • Service-based businesses
  • Businesses looking to issue shares
  • Businesses seeking investment through equity-based funding


One Person Company
(OPC)

1,499 + Govt. Fee
BEST SUITED FOR
  • Freelancers, Small-scale businesses
  • Businesses looking for minimal compliance
  • Businesses looking for single-ownership

Private Limited Company
(Pvt. Ltd.)

1,499 + Govt. Fee
BEST SUITED FOR
  • Service-based businesses
  • Businesses looking to issue shares
  • Businesses seeking investment through equity-based funding


Limited Liability Partnership
(LLP)

1,499 + Govt. Fee
BEST SUITED FOR
  • Professional services 
  • Firms seeking any capital contribution from Partners
  • Firms sharing resources with limited liability 

Frequently Asked Questions

How to start an AI startup in India?

Here’s a step-by-step guide to getting started:

  • Conduct Market Research
  • Finalise Your Business Model
  • Choose a Legal Structure
  • Register Your Business
  • Secure IP Rights
  • Build the Tech Stack
  • Hire Your Core Team
  • Set Up Compliance
  • Launch Your MVP or Pilot
  • Seek Funding or Grants

Do I need to register my business for AI services in India?

Yes. Registering your business gives it legal recognition and enables you to operate officially, open bank accounts, raise funding, and sign client contracts.

What legal structure is best for an AI business in India?

A Private Limited Company is preferred for AI startups due to easier fundraising, limited liability, and scalability. LLP is also a good option for smaller teams.

What licenses and certifications are required for an AI business?

There are no AI-specific licenses, but you may need:

  • Company registration with the MCA
  • GST registration (if turnover exceeds ₹20 lakh/₹40 lakh)
  • Data protection compliance (DPDP Act or GDPR if operating globally)

How much does an AI startup cost?

Initial costs depend on product complexity, team size, and infrastructure. Major expenses include development, cloud services, compliance, and marketing.

Are there any benefits for AI startups under Indian government schemes?

Yes. Schemes like Startup India, Digital India, and MeitY-backed AI centres offer tax exemptions, funding support, and incubation opportunities.

Is GST registration mandatory for AI startups?

It is not mandatory unless your turnover exceeds the threshold (₹20 lakh for service providers) or if you plan to work with businesses that require GST-compliant invoices.

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