Private Company Vs Public Company: Key Differences Explained

Dec 23, 2024
Private Limited Company vs. Limited Liability Partnerships

Are you an aspiring entrepreneur looking to start your own business? One of the crucial decisions you'll need to make is whether to structure your company as a private or public entity. Understanding the difference between private company and public company is essential for entrepreneurs, businessmen, and investors as it impacts ownership structure, funding, regulations, and operational transparency. 

Entrepreneurs and businessmen can choose the right structure for growth and compliance while investors evaluate risks, liquidity, and returns. Public companies are listed on stock exchanges, allowing easier capital access but with stricter compliance and disclosure requirements. 

Private companies offer more control and flexibility but limited fundraising options. This knowledge helps stakeholders make informed decisions regarding growth strategies, ultimately aligning their goals with the company's structure.

In this article, we'll dive deep into the characteristics of a private company and a public company, highlighting their key features, advantages, and differences. By the end, you'll have a clear understanding of which structure suits your venture best.

Table of Contents

What is a Public Company?

A public company, also known as a publicly traded company, is a corporation whose shares are freely bought and sold by the public on stock exchanges or over-the-counter markets. Key aspects of a public company include:

  • Unlimited number of shareholders.
  • Shares are publicly traded and easily transferable.
  • Must issue a prospectus before offering shares to the public.
  • Strict disclosure and reporting requirements.
  • Ability to raise substantial capital through public markets.
  • Governed by a board of directors responsible to shareholders.

Public companies must comply with stringent regulations set by securities commission like the the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI). These regulations ensure transparency, protect investor interests, and maintain market integrity.

Features of Public Limited Company

  1. Free transferability of shares: Shares can be freely bought and sold on stock exchanges, providing liquidity to investors.
  2. No limit on number of shareholders: There is no restriction on the maximum number of shareholders a public company can have.
  3. Prospectus requirement: Public companies must issue a prospectus before offering shares to the public, disclosing key information about the company.
  4. Public disclosure of financials: Public companies are required to publicly disclose their financial statements on a regular basis.
  5. Strict compliance norms: Public companies are subject to stringent regulations and disclosure requirements set by governing bodies like SEBI.
  6. Access to capital markets: Public companies can raise substantial funds from a large pool of investors through various securities like IPOs, FPOs, rights issues and preferential allotments.
  7. Listing on stock exchanges: The shares of public companies are listed and traded on recognised stock exchanges.

What is a Private Company?

A private company, also referred to as a privately held company, is a business entity whose shares are not publicly traded. Ownership is closely held by a limited group of shareholders, such as founders, family members and private investors. Key characteristics of a private company include:

  • Limited to a maximum of 200 shareholders
  • Shares are privately owned and not freely transferable
  • Minimal disclosure requirements and greater privacy
  • Raising capital through private means like angel investors or venture capital
  • Closely controlled and managed by founders and early investors

Private companies have more flexibility in their operations and decision-making as they are not subject to the same level of public scrutiny and regulatory oversight as public companies.

Features of Private Company

  1. Restricted share transfer: Shares of a private company cannot be freely transferred and are subject to restrictions outlined in the company's articles of association.
  2. Limited number of shareholders: Private companies can have a maximum of 200 shareholders.
  3. No prospectus requirement: Private companies are not required to issue a prospectus to the public for raising funds.
  4. Confidentiality of financial information: The financial statements of private companies are not publicly disclosed and remain confidential.
  5. Fewer compliance requirements: Private companies have lesser compliance and regulatory filing requirements compared to public companies.
  6. Flexibility in management: Private companies have greater flexibility in their management structure and decision-making processes.
  7. No requirement for a statutory meeting: Private companies are not required to hold a statutory meeting or file a statutory report.

Public Company Vs Private Company

Following are the key differences between public and private companies:

Parameter Public Company Private Company
Ownership Shares are owned by the general public and can be freely traded on stock exchanges Shares are privately held by a limited number of shareholders
Share Transfer Shares can be freely transferred without restrictions Share transfer is restricted and subject to the consent of other shareholders or the company's articles
Number of Shareholders No limit on the number of shareholders Limited to a maximum of 200 shareholders
Prospectus Must issue a prospectus before offering shares to the public Not required to issue a prospectus for raising funds
Financial Disclosure Required to publicly disclose financial statements and reports Financial statements are not publicly disclosed
Compliance Subject to stringent compliance and regulatory requirements Fewer compliance requirements and regulatory filings
Access to Capital Can raise substantial funds from the public through capital markets Relies on private funding sources and has limited access to public capital
Management Separation of ownership and management, leading to potential agency problems Greater control and flexibility in management and decision-making
Valuation Determined by the market price of shares on stock exchanges Difficult to value in the absence of a public market for shares
Liquidity Shares are liquid and can be easily bought or sold on stock exchanges Shares are illiquid and not easily transferable

The choice between operating as a public or private company depends on various factors such as the company's capital requirements, desired level of control and flexibility, willingness to disclose financial information, and long-term objectives.

Can A Public Company Convert into a Private Company and Vice Versa?

Yes, a public company can be converted into a private company and vice versa, subject to certain conditions and procedures outlined in the Companies Act 2013.

To convert a public company into a private company, the following steps need to be taken:

  1. Pass a special resolution in a general meeting of the company to approve the conversion.
  2. Alter the company's memorandum and articles of association to reflect the changes required for a private company.
  3. File an application with the National Company Law Tribunal (NCLT) for approval of the conversion.
  4. Obtain approval from the NCLT after considering any objections or suggestions from regulatory authorities or other stakeholders.
  5. File the NCLT order approving the conversion with the Registrar of Companies (ROC) within 30 days.
  6. The ROC will issue a fresh certificate of incorporation reflecting the company's status as a private company.

Similarly, a private company can be converted into a public company by following these steps:

  1. Pass a special resolution in a general meeting of the company to approve the conversion.
  2. Alter the company's memorandum and articles of association to comply with the requirements of a public company.
  3. Increase the number of directors to the minimum required for a public company (3 directors).
  4. File an application with the ROC for approval of the conversion.
  5. Obtain approval from the ROC after ensuring compliance with all the necessary provisions.
  6. The ROC will issue a fresh certificate of incorporation reflecting the company's status as a public company.

Conclusion

Understanding the differences between private and public companies is crucial for entrepreneurs, investors and other stakeholders. While public companies offer the advantage of access to public capital and liquidity for shareholders, they also face stricter compliance requirements and public scrutiny. On the other hand, private companies provide greater control and flexibility to shareholders but have limitations in raising capital and providing liquidity to investors.

Regardless of the choice, both private and public companies play vital roles in the economy, driving innovation, creating jobs, and contributing to overall economic growth. Understanding their distinct characteristics and the implications of each structure is essential for navigating the complex world of business and making sound decisions.

Frequently Asked Questions

rize image

Register your Business at just 1,499 + Govt. Fee

Register your business
rize image

Register your Private Limited Company in just 1,499 + Govt. Fee

Register your business
rize image

Register your One Person Company in just 1,499 + Govt. Fee

Register your business
rize image

Register your Business starting at just 1,499 + Govt. Fee

Register your business
rize image

Register your Limited Liability Partnership in just 1,499 + Govt. Fee

Register your business

Private Limited Company
(Pvt. Ltd.)

1,499 + Govt. Fee
BEST SUITED FOR
  • Service-based businesses
  • Businesses looking to issue shares
  • Businesses seeking investment through equity-based funding


Limited Liability Partnership
(LLP)

1,499 + Govt. Fee
BEST SUITED FOR
  • Professional services 
  • Firms seeking any capital contribution from Partners
  • Firms sharing resources with limited liability 

One Person Company
(OPC)

1,499 + Govt. Fee
BEST SUITED FOR
  • Freelancers, Small-scale businesses
  • Businesses looking for minimal compliance
  • Businesses looking for single-ownership

Private Limited Company
(Pvt. Ltd.)

1,499 + Govt. Fee
BEST SUITED FOR
  • Service-based businesses
  • Businesses looking to issue shares
  • Businesses seeking investment through equity-based funding


One Person Company
(OPC)

1,499 + Govt. Fee
BEST SUITED FOR
  • Freelancers, Small-scale businesses
  • Businesses looking for minimal compliance
  • Businesses looking for single-ownership

Private Limited Company
(Pvt. Ltd.)

1,499 + Govt. Fee
BEST SUITED FOR
  • Service-based businesses
  • Businesses looking to issue shares
  • Businesses seeking investment through equity-based funding


Limited Liability Partnership
(LLP)

1,499 + Govt. Fee
BEST SUITED FOR
  • Professional services 
  • Firms seeking any capital contribution from Partners
  • Firms sharing resources with limited liability 

Frequently Asked Questions

What is a Public company?

A public company is a business entity whose shares can be freely bought and sold by the general public on stock exchanges. These companies are subject to stringent regulations and are required to disclose their financial information regularly.

What is a private company?

A private company is a business entity that is privately held and does not offer its shares to the general public. The ownership of a private company is limited to a small group of shareholders, and the shares are subject to transfer restrictions.

Can private limited companies issue shares?

Yes, private limited companies can issue shares to their existing shareholders or to new investors. However, the transfer of these shares is restricted and subject to the consent of other shareholders or the company's articles of association.

Is it better to be a private company or a public company?

The choice between being a private or public company depends on various factors such as the company's capital requirements, desired level of control and flexibility, willingness to disclose financial information, and long-term objectives. Each structure has its own advantages and disadvantages, and the decision should be based on a careful evaluation of the company's specific needs and goals.

Is it easier for public companies to raise capital than it is for private companies?

Yes, public companies generally have an easier time raising capital compared to private companies. 

Public companies can access a larger pool of investors by offering their shares to the general public through capital markets. They can raise substantial funds through various means, such as initial public offerings (IPOs), follow-on public offerings (FPOs), rights issues and preferential allotments. 

Private companies, on the other hand, rely on private funding sources such as promoter capital, venture capital, private equity, and debt financing, which can be more limited and challenging to secure.

Who can invest in a private company?

Investment in a private company is typically limited to a small group of shareholders, which may include the founders, family members, friends, and private investors such as angel investors, venture capitalists, and private equity firms. 

These investors are often accredited and have a higher risk tolerance compared to the general public. The shares of a private company are not freely traded on stock exchanges and are subject to transfer restrictions outlined in the company's articles of association or shareholder agreements.

Mukesh Goyal

Mukesh Goyal is a startup enthusiast and problem-solver, currently leading the Rize Company Registration Charter at Razorpay, where he’s helping simplify the way early-stage founders start and scale their businesses. With a deep understanding of the regulatory and operational hurdles that startups face, Mukesh is at the forefront of building founder-first experiences within India’s growing startup ecosystem.

An alumnus of FMS Delhi, Mukesh cracked CAT 2016 with a perfect 100 percentile- a milestone that opened new doors and laid the foundation for a career rooted in impact, scale, and community.

Read More

Related Posts

D2C Vs B2C: Understanding The Key Differences

D2C Vs B2C: Understanding The Key Differences

In today’s fast-paced market, businesses need the right approach to connect with their customers and stand out from the competition. Two of the most common models, Direct-to-Consumer (D2C) and Business-to-Consumer (B2C) focus on selling to individual customers but operate in distinct ways. While D2C brands sell directly to consumers without intermediaries, B2C typically involves retailers, marketplaces, or third-party distributors.

Choosing the right model impacts everything from marketing strategies and customer relationships to pricing control and scalability. In this blog, we’ll break down the key differences between D2C and B2C, helping businesses understand which model aligns best with their goals and customer expectations.

Table of Contents

Key Differences Between D2C and B2C

Below is a structured comparison of D2C and B2C business models:

Aspect Direct-to-Consumer (D2C) Business-to-Consumer (B2C)
Business structure The brand sells directly to customers without any intermediaries The business may sell through retailers, wholesalers or third-party platforms
Customer interaction Direct engagement with customers Indirect interaction via retailers or online marketplaces
Distribution channels Company-owned websites, social media, and exclusive brand stores Retail stores, eCommerce marketplaces and third-party distributors
Pricing control Full control over pricing and discounts Prices are often influenced by third-party retailers and competition

Understanding D2C (Direct-to-Consumer)

The Direct-to-Consumer (D2C) model is transforming the way brands connect with customers by eliminating middlemen such as wholesalers, retailers, and marketplaces. Instead of relying on third-party distributors, D2C brands sell directly to their consumers, allowing them to maintain greater control over pricing, branding, customer experience, and marketing.

This model has gained immense popularity due to advancements in e-commerce, digital marketing, and consumer behaviour shifts, where people prefer personalised shopping experiences and direct engagement with brands.

Key Characteristics of D2C

  • Direct sales to customers, bypassing intermediaries.
  • High reliance on digital marketing and social media.
  • Personalised customer experience and strong brand identity.
  • Subscription-based or direct-selling models.

How Does D2C Work?

D2C businesses follow a structured approach to take products from concept to consumer while optimising every step for efficiency and customer satisfaction.

  1. Product Development – Companies design and manufacture their products.
  2. Branding & Marketing – Strong online presence, leveraging social media and influencers.
  3. Sales & Distribution – Selling through their websites, pop-up stores, or direct retail.
  4. Customer Engagement – Providing personalised service and direct interactions.

D2C Example

A great example of a successful D2C brand is Nike. While Nike does sell through retailers, it has aggressively expanded its direct-to-consumer channels through its website, exclusive stores, and apps, allowing for greater control over branding, pricing, and customer experience.

Understanding B2C (Business-to-Consumer)

The Business-to-Consumer (B2C) model is one of the most common and traditional business structures, where companies sell products or services directly to individual customers. B2C businesses can operate through brick-and-mortar stores, e-commerce platforms, third-party marketplaces, and direct retail chains.

This model focuses on high-volume sales, competitive pricing, and broad customer reach. Unlike D2C brands, which manage their own sales channels, B2C companies often partner with retailers and online marketplaces to distribute their products.

Key Characteristics of D2C

  • Direct sales to customers, bypassing intermediaries.
  • High reliance on digital marketing and social media.
  • Personalised customer experience and strong brand identity.
  • Subscription-based or direct-selling models.

How Does D2C Work?

D2C businesses follow a structured approach to take products from concept to consumer while optimising every step for efficiency and customer satisfaction.

  1. Product Development – Companies design and manufacture their products.
  2. Branding & Marketing – Strong online presence, leveraging social media and influencers.
  3. Sales & Distribution – Selling through their websites, pop-up stores, or direct retail.
  4. Customer Engagement – Providing personalised service and direct interactions.

B2C Example

A classic example of a B2C business is Amazon. Amazon provides a vast range of products from multiple sellers, offering convenience and variety to end consumers without directly manufacturing most of the products it sells.

Top 5 Benefits of D2C

  1. Higher Profit Margins – Eliminates middlemen, allowing businesses to retain higher revenues.
  2. Direct Customer Insights – Enables data collection for better personalisation and marketing.
  3. Better Brand Control – Full control over branding, messaging, and customer experience.
  4. Efficient Inventory Management – Greater flexibility in managing stock and production.
  5. Stronger Customer Relationships – Builds brand loyalty through direct interactions.

5 Limitations of D2C You Can’t Ignore

  1. High Customer Acquisition Costs – Digital advertising and influencer marketing can be expensive.
  2. Intense Competition – Direct sales require brands to stand out in a crowded market.
  3. Logistics and Fulfillment Challenges – Managing deliveries and returns can be complex.
  4. Reliance on Digital Marketing – Success depends on strong online marketing strategies.
  5. Customer Service Demands – Requires robust support teams to handle queries and complaints.

5 Incredible Benefits of B2C

  1. Larger Customer Base – Mass-market appeal leads to high sales volume.
  2. Faster Sales Cycles – Quick purchase decisions without prolonged relationship-building.
  3. Lower Operational Costs – Retailers handle distribution, reducing overhead expenses.
  4. Multiple Sales Channels – Products available in stores, online, and via third-party platforms.
  5. Increased Brand Visibility – Established brands enjoy widespread recognition.

5 Major Drawbacks of B2C You Need To Know

  1. High Competition – Many brands compete for the same audience.
  2. Lower Customer Loyalty – Customers may switch brands based on price or availability.
  3. Price Sensitivity – Discounts and competitive pricing play a significant role.
  4. Increased Marketing Costs – Requires large advertising budgets to stay competitive.
  5. Logistical Challenges – Managing supply chains across multiple locations can be complex.

Choosing Between D2C and B2C

Selecting the right business model depends on various factors, including brand strategy, market reach, and operational capabilities. Here’s a breakdown to help businesses decide between Direct-to-Consumer (D2C) and Business-to-Consumer (B2C):

1. Business Goals

  • D2C is ideal for brands that want full control over branding, pricing, and customer relationships. It allows companies to build a loyal customer base and gather first-party data for personalised marketing.
  • B2C works well for businesses that prioritise high-volume sales and broad market penetration. It enables companies to leverage retailer networks for distribution and scalability.

2. Target Audience

  • D2C is more suited for niche markets, such as luxury products, sustainable goods, or tech gadgets, where direct customer engagement is crucial.
  • B2C caters to a mass-market audience, making it ideal for FMCG (Fast-Moving Consumer Goods), electronics, fashion, and essential consumer products.

3. Marketing Approach

  • D2C relies heavily on digital marketing, influencer collaborations, and social media engagement. Brands must invest in performance marketing (SEO, PPC, email campaigns) to attract and retain customers.
  • B2C focuses on mass advertising through traditional media (TV, print, billboards), large-scale promotions, and brand partnerships to maximise reach.

4. Operational Capabilities

  • D2C demands robust logistics, warehousing, and last-mile delivery capabilities since brands manage order fulfilment directly.
  • B2C benefits from retailer partnerships that handle inventory, distribution, and customer service, reducing operational complexity.

5. Profitability Model

  • D2C offers higher profit margins since it eliminates middlemen. However, it requires a significant initial investment in technology, marketing, and fulfilment infrastructure.
  • B2C generates revenue through bulk sales and retailer partnerships. While margins may be lower, brands benefit from established distribution networks and faster scalability.

How Razorpay Rize Empowers D2C and B2C Businesses

Razorpay Rize is a dedicated ecosystem designed to support and accelerate the growth of both D2C and B2C businesses. Whether you're a startup launching a direct-to-consumer brand or a scaling business selling through retailers, Rize provides the essential tools, resources, and community support to help you succeed.

Conclusion

Both D2C and B2C models have unique advantages and challenges. Understanding these key differences helps businesses make informed decisions about their go-to-market strategies.

For brands that prioritise control over branding, pricing, and customer experience, D2C offers the perfect route by cutting out intermediaries and selling directly to consumers. It allows for personalised engagement, higher profit margins, and data-driven marketing strategies.

On the other hand, the B2C model benefits from wide-scale distribution, existing retail networks, and established consumer trust. Businesses leveraging third-party marketplaces, physical retail stores, and large-scale advertising campaigns can reach a broader audience quickly.

Frequently Asked Questions

rize image

Register your Business at just 1,499 + Govt. Fee

Register your business
rize image

Register your Private Limited Company in just 1,499 + Govt. Fee

Register your business
rize image

Register your One Person Company in just 1,499 + Govt. Fee

Register your business
rize image

Register your Business starting at just 1,499 + Govt. Fee

Register your business
rize image

Register your Limited Liability Partnership in just 1,499 + Govt. Fee

Register your business

Private Limited Company
(Pvt. Ltd.)

1,499 + Govt. Fee
BEST SUITED FOR
  • Service-based businesses
  • Businesses looking to issue shares
  • Businesses seeking investment through equity-based funding


Limited Liability Partnership
(LLP)

1,499 + Govt. Fee
BEST SUITED FOR
  • Professional services 
  • Firms seeking any capital contribution from Partners
  • Firms sharing resources with limited liability 

One Person Company
(OPC)

1,499 + Govt. Fee
BEST SUITED FOR
  • Freelancers, Small-scale businesses
  • Businesses looking for minimal compliance
  • Businesses looking for single-ownership

Private Limited Company
(Pvt. Ltd.)

1,499 + Govt. Fee
BEST SUITED FOR
  • Service-based businesses
  • Businesses looking to issue shares
  • Businesses seeking investment through equity-based funding


One Person Company
(OPC)

1,499 + Govt. Fee
BEST SUITED FOR
  • Freelancers, Small-scale businesses
  • Businesses looking for minimal compliance
  • Businesses looking for single-ownership

Private Limited Company
(Pvt. Ltd.)

1,499 + Govt. Fee
BEST SUITED FOR
  • Service-based businesses
  • Businesses looking to issue shares
  • Businesses seeking investment through equity-based funding


Limited Liability Partnership
(LLP)

1,499 + Govt. Fee
BEST SUITED FOR
  • Professional services 
  • Firms seeking any capital contribution from Partners
  • Firms sharing resources with limited liability 

Frequently Asked Questions

Are D2C and B2C the same?

No, D2C (Direct-to-Consumer) and B2C (Business-to-Consumer) are not the same. While both models sell products directly to consumers, D2C brands bypass intermediaries (like retailers and marketplaces) and sell directly via their own websites, social media, or exclusive stores. B2C, on the other hand, often involves third-party retailers, wholesalers, and e-commerce marketplaces to reach customers.

Which model offers higher profit margins?

D2C generally offers higher profit margins because businesses sell directly to customers without intermediaries, avoiding retailer markups and commission fees. However, D2C requires higher investment in brand building, marketing, and logistics, whereas B2C benefits from established retail networks and mass distribution but operates on lower margins.

Can a company use both B2C and D2C models?

Yes, many companies use both models to maximise reach and revenue. A hybrid approach allows businesses to leverage B2C channels for scale and visibility while maintaining D2C for customer loyalty, personalised experiences, and better profit margins.

Why do brands choose the D2C approach?

Brands opt for D2C for several reasons:

  1. Greater control over branding, pricing, and customer experience.
  2. Higher profit margins by eliminating middlemen.
  3. Direct customer relationships, leading to better data insights and personalisation.
  4. Faster market adaptation, allowing businesses to launch new products without retailer dependencies.
  5. Customer loyalty and engagement, as brands can build direct trust with their audience.

What is the difference between B2B vs B2C vs D2C?

Brands opt for D2C for several reasons:

B2B B2C D2C
Target audience Sells to other businesses Sells to end consumers Sells directly to consumers, bypassing retailers
Sales channel Direct sales, wholesalers, enterprise deals Retail stores, online marketplaces Brand websites, social media, exclusive stores
Example Salesforce, Shopify Amazon, Zara Assembly, Nat Habit

Eashita Maheshwary

With nearly a decade of building and nurturing strategic connections in D2C space, Eashita is a business growth strategist known for turning networks into revenue, relationships into partnerships, and ideas into actionable growth.

A three-time founder across gender diversity, investing, and real estate-hospitality sectors, Eashita Maheshwary brings a unique blend of entrepreneurial empathy and ecosystem expertise. Now focused on helping startups and businesses scale, she specializes in enabling growth through partnerships with a proven track record of working across geographies like India and the Middle East.

Read more
Form ADT-1: A Complete Guide to Auditor Appointment Filing

Form ADT-1: A Complete Guide to Auditor Appointment Filing

Filing Form ADT-1 is a crucial step in ensuring compliance with the Companies Act regarding the appointment of the first auditor. This form notifies the Ministry of Corporate Affairs (MCA) about the auditor's appointment within 30 days of company incorporation. It is essential for companies to understand the importance of this form and adhere to the filing requirements and deadlines to avoid penalties.

Table of Contents

What is Form ADT-1?

Form ADT-1 is a mandatory filing under the Companies Act, 2013, used to inform the Registrar of Companies (ROC) about the appointment of an auditor in a company.

Key Points on Auditor Appointment & Filing Requirements

1. Appointment of First Auditor (New Companies)

For companies (excluding government companies):

The Board of Directors must appoint the first auditor within 30 days of incorporation.

If the Board fails to do so, the members must appoint the first auditor within 90 days at an Extraordinary General Meeting (EGM).

The first auditor holds office until the conclusion of the first Annual General Meeting (AGM).

Note: Filing Form ADT-1 is NOT required for the first auditor’s appointment. However, companies may choose to file it for compliance and record-keeping purposes.

2. Appointment of Subsequent Auditors

After the first AGM, companies must appoint an auditor for a five-year term (for private and public companies) or as per shareholder approval.

Form ADT-1 must be filed within 15 days of the auditor’s appointment to inform the ROC.

Timely filing of Form ADT-1 is crucial for companies to:

  • Comply with legal requirements under the Companies Act
  • Avoid penalties and legal consequences
  • Maintain transparency in auditor appointments
  • Ensure proper oversight of financial reporting

Who Needs to File Form ADT-1?

Is Form ADT-1 mandatory for all companies?

All companies incorporated under the Companies Act, 2013, are required to file Form ADT-1, including:

What happens if a company fails to file Form ADT-1?

Failure to file Form ADT-1 within the prescribed time can result in penalties and legal consequences for the company and its directors. The company may be fined between ₹25,000 to ₹5,00,000, and every defaulting officer may be punishable with imprisonment of up to 1 year, a fine between ₹10,000 to ₹1,00,000, or both.

Law Governing the Form ADT-1

The filing of Form ADT-1 is mandated under Section 139(1) of the Companies Act, 2013. This section requires companies to file the form with the ROC to inform them about the auditor's appointment, which is done after the AGM. The form contains essential details about the appointed auditor, such as their name, address, membership number, and date of appointment. Companies must submit Form ADT-1 within 15 days of the AGM to fulfil their legal obligations and avoid potential penalties for non-compliance.

Requirements for Filing Form ADT-1

  • The company has appointed an auditor as per the provisions of the Companies Act, 2013
  • The appointed auditor has provided written consent to act as the auditor
  • The auditor has issued a certificate confirming they are not disqualified under Section 141 of the Act
  • The company has obtained a Director Identification Number (DIN) for the signing director
  • The signatory has a valid Digital Signature Certificate (DSC)

Companies must attach the necessary supporting documents, such as the board resolution for auditor appointment, auditor's consent letter, and certificate of eligibility while filing the form. Failing to meet these requirements can lead to the rejection of the form by the ROC.

Fees for Filing Form ADT-1

The filing fees for Form ADT-1 depend on the company's authorised share capital, as per the table below:

Authorised Share Capital Filing Fee
Up to ₹1,00,000 ₹200
₹1,00,001 to ₹5,00,000 ₹300
₹5,00,001 to ₹10,00,000 ₹400
Above ₹10,00,000 ₹600

For LLP Companies without share capital, the filing fee is a flat ₹200.

Late filing of Form ADT-1 attracts additional fees, which increase based on the delay duration:

  • Up to 30 days delay: 2 times the normal fees
  • 31 to 60 days delay: 4 times the normal fees
  • 61 to 90 days delay: 6 times the normal fees
  • 91 to 180 days delay: 10 times the normal fees
  • More than 180 days delay: 12 times the normal fees

Due Date For Filing MCA Form ADT-1

The due date for filing Form ADT-1 depends on whether the company is newly incorporated or existing:

For newly incorporated companies:

  • ADT-1 for the first auditor must be filed within 15 days of the first Board Meeting
  • This Board Meeting must be held within 30 days of incorporation, where the first auditor is appointed

For existing companies:

  • Form ADT-1 should be filed within 15 days of the AGM where the auditor was appointed or reappointed
  • Example: If the AGM was held on September 30, 2023, the ADT-1 due date would be October 14, 2023

While filing the form, companies must provide the following details about the appointed auditor:

  1. Auditor's category (individual or firm)
  2. Membership number of the auditor or firm's registration number
  3. Address and email ID of the auditor
  4. Permanent Account Number (PAN) of the auditor
  5. Period of appointment
  6. Membership number of the previous auditor in case of vacancy
  7. Date of appointment and AGM date
  8. Details of any casual vacancy (date and reason)

Along with these details, companies must attach the following supporting documents:

  1. Certified copy of the Board Resolution for auditor appointment
  2. Written consent of the auditor to act as such
  3. Certificate by the auditor confirming their eligibility under Section 141
  4. Copy of the intimation letter sent by the company to the auditor regarding their appointment

Penalty on Delayed Filing of Form ADT-1

Delayed filing of Form ADT-1 attracts penalties, which increase based on the duration of the delay:

  • Up to 30 days delay: Twice the normal filing fees
  • 31 to 60 days delay: Four times the normal filing fees
  • 61 to 90 days delay: Six times the normal filing fees
  • 91 to 180 days delay: Ten times the normal filing fees
  • More than 180 days delay: Twelve times the normal filing fees

Companies must be mindful of the ADT-1 due date and ensure timely filing to avoid these escalating penalty fees. Repeated non-compliance can also lead to more severe consequences, such as fines and legal action against the company and its officers.

Important Points to Consider Regarding Form ADT-1

  • Filing Form ADT-1 is mandatory for all types of companies, including private, public, and one-person companies.
  • The responsibility of filing the form lies with the company and its directors, not the auditor.
  • Form ADT-1 must be filed even in case of filling casual vacancies in the auditor's office.
  • Companies should file Form ADT-1 for the appointment of the first auditor as well.
  • Timely filing of the form with all necessary details and documents is crucial to avoid penalties and legal complications.

Process for Filing Form ADT-1

  1. Obtain a Digital Signature Certificate (DSC) for at least one Director of the company from a licensed Certifying Authority
  2. Ensure the signing director has a valid Director Identification Number (DIN)
  3. Download Form ADT-1 from the MCA portal
  4. Fill in the required company and auditor details accurately
  5. Attach the necessary supporting documents (Board Resolution, auditor consent, eligibility certificate, etc.)
  6. Verify the form using the director's DSC
  7. Submit the form electronically on the MCA portal
  8. Pay the requisite filing fees online using a credit card, debit card, or net banking
  9. Receive an acknowledgement email from MCA as proof of filing

Frequently Asked Questions

rize image

Register your Business at just 1,499 + Govt. Fee

Register your business
rize image

Register your Private Limited Company in just 1,499 + Govt. Fee

Register your business
rize image

Register your One Person Company in just 1,499 + Govt. Fee

Register your business
rize image

Register your Business starting at just 1,499 + Govt. Fee

Register your business
rize image

Register your Limited Liability Partnership in just 1,499 + Govt. Fee

Register your business

Private Limited Company
(Pvt. Ltd.)

1,499 + Govt. Fee
BEST SUITED FOR
  • Service-based businesses
  • Businesses looking to issue shares
  • Businesses seeking investment through equity-based funding


Limited Liability Partnership
(LLP)

1,499 + Govt. Fee
BEST SUITED FOR
  • Professional services 
  • Firms seeking any capital contribution from Partners
  • Firms sharing resources with limited liability 

One Person Company
(OPC)

1,499 + Govt. Fee
BEST SUITED FOR
  • Freelancers, Small-scale businesses
  • Businesses looking for minimal compliance
  • Businesses looking for single-ownership

Private Limited Company
(Pvt. Ltd.)

1,499 + Govt. Fee
BEST SUITED FOR
  • Service-based businesses
  • Businesses looking to issue shares
  • Businesses seeking investment through equity-based funding


One Person Company
(OPC)

1,499 + Govt. Fee
BEST SUITED FOR
  • Freelancers, Small-scale businesses
  • Businesses looking for minimal compliance
  • Businesses looking for single-ownership

Private Limited Company
(Pvt. Ltd.)

1,499 + Govt. Fee
BEST SUITED FOR
  • Service-based businesses
  • Businesses looking to issue shares
  • Businesses seeking investment through equity-based funding


Limited Liability Partnership
(LLP)

1,499 + Govt. Fee
BEST SUITED FOR
  • Professional services 
  • Firms seeking any capital contribution from Partners
  • Firms sharing resources with limited liability 

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the ADT-1 form?

Form ADT-1 is a mandatory form filed by companies to inform the Registrar of Companies (ROC) about the appointment of an auditor, except for the first auditor. It must be filed within 15 days of the appointment of a subsequent auditor.

Is ADT-1 mandatory for the first auditor in OPC?

Yes, filing ADT-1 for the first auditor is mandatory for all companies, including OPCs.

Can we file ADT-1 without filing ADT-3?

Yes, Form ADT-1 can be filed independently without filing ADT-3, which is used for the resignation of an auditor.

Who will file ADT 2?

Form ADT-2 is filed by the auditor to the company and ROC in case of their resignation. The company does not file this form.

What is the time limit for filing ADT-1 for the first auditor?

For newly incorporated companies, the first auditor appointment due date for filing ADT-1 is within 15 days of the first Board Meeting held within 30 days of incorporation.

Who is the first auditor of OPC?

In an OPC, the Board of Directors appoints the first auditor within 30 days of incorporation, and their appointment is ratified in the first AGM.

Akash Goel

Akash Goel is an experienced Company Secretary specializing in startup compliance and advisory across India. He has worked with numerous early and growth-stage startups, supporting them through critical funding rounds involving top VCs like Matrix Partners, India Quotient, Shunwei, KStart, VH Capital, SAIF Partners, and Pravega Ventures.

His expertise spans Secretarial compliance, IPR, FEMA, valuation, and due diligence, helping founders understand how startups operate and the complexities of legal regulations.

Read more
LLP Form 3: A Complete Guide

LLP Form 3: A Complete Guide

One of the most important compliance steps when forming a Limited Liability Partnership (LLP) in India is filing LLP Form 3. This form is required to officially document the LLP agreement, which governs the internal operations of the partnership, the roles and responsibilities of partners, profit-sharing ratios, and more. Filing LLP Form 3 with the Ministry of Corporate Affairs (MCA) holds legal significance and must be submitted within a strict timeline of 30 days from the date of incorporation.

In this guide, we’ll walk you through everything you need to know about LLP Form 3, from its purpose and components to filing steps, fees, penalties, and new updates under the LLP Amendment Rules 2023.

Table of Contents

What is LLP Form 3?

LLP Form 3 is a mandatory form that captures the LLP agreement, the foundation document that outlines the operational framework of a Limited Liability Partnership. This agreement defines the relationship among partners, including their roles, decision-making powers, profit and loss sharing arrangements, and more.

It serves as a legal document that governs how the LLP will be run and must be submitted to the MCA to make the LLP agreement officially valid.

Purpose of Filing LLP Form 3

Filing LLP Form 3 is essential because it:

  • Legally documents the LLP agreement with the government
    Defines the rights, duties, and responsibilities of all partners
  • Establishes clarity on how the LLP will operate
  • Ensures regulatory compliance with the MCA
    Helps prevent internal disputes by clearly stating each partner’s role and profit-sharing ratio

Without a properly filed LLP Form 3, the LLP risks facing legal and operational complications.

When to File LLP Form 3?

LLP Form 3 must be filed within 30 days from the date of incorporation of the LLP.

In addition to the initial filing, any changes or amendments made to the LLP agreement, such as changes mentioned below, must also be reported by filing a fresh Form 3 within 30 days of the amendment date.

  • Partner details
  • Capital contribution
  • Profit-sharing ratio
  • Management structure

Key Components of LLP Form 3

LLP Form 3 is designed to capture critical aspects of the LLP agreement, including:

  • Capital contributions of each partner
  • Profit-sharing ratios
  • Roles and responsibilities of partners
  • Management structure and authority levels
  • Decision-making processes
  • Dispute resolution clauses
  • Procedures for adding or removing partners
  • Meeting protocols and voting rights

These elements ensure the LLP operates smoothly and fairly for all stakeholders.

Steps to File LLP Form 3

Here’s a step-by-step guide to filing LLP Form 3 online:

  1. Log in to the MCA portal.
  2. Download the latest version of LLP Form 3 under the “MCA Services > LLP E-Forms” section.
  3. Fill in the required details of the LLP agreement:
    • LLP name and LLPIN
    • Date of agreement
    • Partner details and their contributions
      Rights, responsibilities, and governance structure
  4. Attach the signed LLP agreement as a PDF
  5. Upload any other mandatory documents (as specified)
  6. Validate and pre-scrutinise the form using the MCA tool
  7. Sign digitally (DSC) by a designated partner
  8. Submit the form and make the payment online

{{llp-cta}}

Filing LLP Form 3 for LLP Incorporation and Changes in LLP Agreement

LLP Form 3 is divided into two key sections:

1. Initial Filing of LLP Agreement (Section 1):

Used at the time of incorporation, this section requires details like:

  • Nature of business
  • Partner contributions
  • Profit-sharing ratios
  • Decision-making and meeting procedures

2. Filing Amendments to LLP Agreement (Section 2):

Used when there’s a change in:

  • Capital contribution
  • Partners or their roles
  • Profit-sharing arrangements

You must provide:

  • Amendment date
  • Number of changes
  • SRN (Service Request Number) of related forms previously filed

Before proceeding to either section, you must enter basic details like LLPIN, registered address, and jurisdiction.

Additional Disclosure Requirements – Revised Form No. 3 (LLP Rules 2023)

The LLP (Amendment) Rules, 2023 introduced stricter disclosure norms in Form No. 3 to enhance transparency, especially when a corporate body is a partner.

New requirements include filling Table 19(a) with:

  • Body Corporate Partner (Yes/No) – Indicates if the partner is a corporate entity.
  • Partner/Nominee ID – DPIN, PAN, or Passport number of the individual or nominee.
  • Additional ID Details – Supporting information related to the identification number.
  • Corporate Type – Type of body corporate (e.g., company, LLP).
  • Corporate ID – CIN, LLPIN, FCRN, FLLPIN, or other ID numbers.
  • Additional Corporate Details – Extra info related to the above IDs.
  • Corporate Name – Legal name of the body corporate partner.
  • Designation – Whether the person is a Partner or Designated Partner.
  • Contribution Form – Mode of contribution (Cash/Non-cash/Conversion).
  • Contribution Value – Monetary value of the contribution.
  • Profit Share % – Profit sharing ratio assigned to the partner.
  • Type of Change – Whether the entry reflects an addition, deletion, change, or no change.

These disclosures ensure better governance and accountability within LLPs.

Fees for Filing LLP Form 3

The fee for LLP Form 3 varies based on the contribution amount:

Contribution Amount Government fee
Up to ₹1 lakh ₹50
₹1 lakh–₹5 lakh ₹100
₹5 lakh–₹10 lakh ₹150
₹10 lakh–₹25 lakh ₹200
₹25 lakh–₹1 crore ₹400
Above ₹1 crore ₹600

Note: Additional charges apply for late filing, which can accrue up to ₹100 per day of delay without any cap.

Penalty for Non-Filing Form 3 LLP

Failing to file the LLP Form 3 on time results in:

  • Late filing fees of ₹100 per day
  • Potential rejection of other compliance forms
  • Inability to legally enforce the LLP agreement
  • Legal complications and MCA notices
  • Difficulty in onboarding new partners or raising capital

Common Mistakes to Avoid

Avoid these common errors when filing LLP Form 3:

  • Entering incorrect partner details
  • Uploading unsigned or outdated LLP agreements
  • Missing the 30-day deadline
  • Not updating the form after changes in the LLP agreement
  • Skipping mandatory fields in Table 19(a) (as per 2023 rules)

Pro Tip: Always validate and preview the form before submission, and keep a copy of the SRN for future reference.

Conclusion

LLP Form 3 is an important compliance document that legally records your LLP agreement with the Ministry of Corporate Affairs. It captures critical aspects like partner roles, profit-sharing arrangements, and decision-making protocols that define how your LLP functions.

If you’re forming an LLP or planning amendments to your existing agreement, don’t overlook LLP Form 3. Stay compliant to not only avoid hefty penalties but also build a solid foundation for the growth and scalability of your LLP.

Frequently Asked Questions

rize image

Register your Business at just 1,499 + Govt. Fee

Register your business
rize image

Register your Private Limited Company in just 1,499 + Govt. Fee

Register your business
rize image

Register your One Person Company in just 1,499 + Govt. Fee

Register your business
rize image

Register your Business starting at just 1,499 + Govt. Fee

Register your business
rize image

Register your Limited Liability Partnership in just 1,499 + Govt. Fee

Register your business

Private Limited Company
(Pvt. Ltd.)

1,499 + Govt. Fee
BEST SUITED FOR
  • Service-based businesses
  • Businesses looking to issue shares
  • Businesses seeking investment through equity-based funding


Limited Liability Partnership
(LLP)

1,499 + Govt. Fee
BEST SUITED FOR
  • Professional services 
  • Firms seeking any capital contribution from Partners
  • Firms sharing resources with limited liability 

One Person Company
(OPC)

1,499 + Govt. Fee
BEST SUITED FOR
  • Freelancers, Small-scale businesses
  • Businesses looking for minimal compliance
  • Businesses looking for single-ownership

Private Limited Company
(Pvt. Ltd.)

1,499 + Govt. Fee
BEST SUITED FOR
  • Service-based businesses
  • Businesses looking to issue shares
  • Businesses seeking investment through equity-based funding


One Person Company
(OPC)

1,499 + Govt. Fee
BEST SUITED FOR
  • Freelancers, Small-scale businesses
  • Businesses looking for minimal compliance
  • Businesses looking for single-ownership

Private Limited Company
(Pvt. Ltd.)

1,499 + Govt. Fee
BEST SUITED FOR
  • Service-based businesses
  • Businesses looking to issue shares
  • Businesses seeking investment through equity-based funding


Limited Liability Partnership
(LLP)

1,499 + Govt. Fee
BEST SUITED FOR
  • Professional services 
  • Firms seeking any capital contribution from Partners
  • Firms sharing resources with limited liability 

Frequently Asked Questions

What are the LLP Form 3 and Form 4?

  • LLP Form 3 is used to file the LLP Agreement and any changes made to it. It defines the structure, roles, responsibilities, and terms between the partners.
  • LLP Form 4 is used to inform the Ministry of Corporate Affairs (MCA) about appointments, changes, or resignations of designated partners or partners in an LLP.

Is Filing Form 3 necessary for the Limited Liability Partnership?

Yes, filing Form 3 is mandatory. The LLP Agreement must be legally submitted to the MCA within 30 days of incorporation. Failure to do so may result in penalties and legal non-compliance.

What are the LLP Form 3 non-filing fees?

If LLP Form 3 is not filed on time, the late filing fee is ₹100 per day until the default continues. There is no maximum cap, which means the penalty can accumulate significantly if delayed.

What is Form 3 used for?

Form 3 is used to:

  • File the initial LLP Agreement with the MCA.
  • Report any changes to the existing LLP Agreement (e.g., change in capital, profit-sharing ratio, or partner roles).

What is the due date for filing Form 3 for LLP?

The due date is within 30 days from:

  • The date of LLP incorporation (for the initial agreement) or
  • The date of any modification made to the LLP Agreement.

What is the penalty for Form 3 LLP?

The penalty for not filing Form 3 within the prescribed time is:

  • ₹100 per day of delay, with no upper limit, as per MCA rules.
  • This can lead to substantial fines and can delay other compliance activities or changes to the LLP structure.

Nipun Jain

Nipun Jain is a seasoned startup leader with 13+ years of experience across zero-to-one journeys, leading enterprise sales, partnerships, and strategy at high-growth startups. He currently heads Razorpay Rize, where he's building India's most loved startup enablement program and launched Rize Incorporation to simplify company registration for founders.

Previously, he founded Natty Niños and scaled it before exiting in 2021, then led enterprise growth at Pickrr Technologies, contributing to its $200M acquisition by Shiprocket. A builder at heart, Nipun loves numbers, stories and simplifying complex processes.

Read more

Rize.Start

Hassle free company registration through Razorpay Rize

in just 1,499 + Govt. Fee
With ₹0 hidden charges

Make your business ready to scale. Become an incorporated company through Razorpay Rize.

Made with ❤️ for founders

View our wall of love

Smooth onboarding, seamless incorporation and a wonderful community. Thanks to the #razorpayrize team! #rizeincorporation
Dhaval Trivedi
Basanth Verma
shopeg.in
Exciting news! Incorporation of our company, FoxSell, with Razorpay Rize was extremely smooth and straightforward. We highly recommend them. Thank you Razorpay Rize for making it easy to set up our business in India.
@foxsellapp
#razorpayrize #rizeincorporation
Dhaval Trivedi
Prakhar Shrivastava
foxsell.app
We would recommend Razorpay Rize incorporation services to any founder without a second doubt. The process was beyond efficient and show's razorpay founder's commitment and vision to truly help entrepreneur's and early stage startups to get them incorporated with ease. If you wanna get incorporated, pick them. Thanks for the help Razorpay.

#entrepreneur #tbsmagazine #rize #razorpay #feedback
Dhaval Trivedi
TBS Magazine
Hey, Guys!
We just got incorporated yesterday.
Thanks to Rize team for all the Support.
It was a wonderful experience.
CHEERS 🥂
#entrepreneur #tbsmagazine #rize #razorpay #feedback
Dhaval Trivedi
Nayan Mishra
https://zillout.com/
Smooth onboarding, seamless incorporation and a wonderful community. Thanks to the #razorpayrize team! #rizeincorporation
Dhaval Trivedi
Basanth Verma
shopeg.in
Exciting news! Incorporation of our company, FoxSell, with Razorpay Rize was extremely smooth and straightforward. We highly recommend them. Thank you Razorpay Rize for making it easy to set up our business in India.
@foxsellapp
#razorpayrize #rizeincorporation
Dhaval Trivedi
Prakhar Shrivastava
foxsell.app
We would recommend Razorpay Rize incorporation services to any founder without a second doubt. The process was beyond efficient and show's razorpay founder's commitment and vision to truly help entrepreneur's and early stage startups to get them incorporated with ease. If you wanna get incorporated, pick them. Thanks for the help Razorpay.

#entrepreneur #tbsmagazine #rize #razorpay #feedback
Dhaval Trivedi
TBS Magazine
Hey, Guys!
We just got incorporated yesterday.
Thanks to Rize team for all the Support.
It was a wonderful experience.
CHEERS 🥂
#entrepreneur #tbsmagazine #rize #razorpay #feedback
Dhaval Trivedi
Nayan Mishra
https://zillout.com/