Association of Persons (AOP): Formation, Structure and Advantages

Jun 3, 2025
Private Limited Company vs. Limited Liability Partnerships

In the Indian legal and tax system, the term "Association of Persons" (AOP) doesn’t have a single, clearly written definition in law. Instead, its meaning has evolved over time through interpretations found in laws like the General Clauses Act of 1897, and important court decisions. One key judgment by the Supreme Court in the case CIT v. Indira Balkrishna (1960) helped set the foundation for how AOPs are understood today.

An AOP is created when two or more people come together voluntarily with a shared goal, usually to earn income, make profits, or carry out a business activity. These individuals can be friends, relatives, professionals, or even other legal entities.

In this blog, we’ll explore the formation, structure, taxation, and advantages of an Association of Persons, helping you understand when and why forming one might make sense.

Table of Contents

What is AOP?

IAn Association of Persons (AOP) is a group formed by individuals, companies, or associations with a shared objective, primarily for income generation.

Under the Income Tax Act, an AOP is considered a separate legal and taxable entity. This means that the income earned by the AOP is assessed and taxed independently, which has significant implications for both compliance and financial planning.

Association of Persons Definition

The Andhra Pradesh High Court has laid down clear principles to define an AOP. It is not just any casual group but a voluntary association created specifically for conducting income-generating activities. The key criteria include:

  • Two or more persons must be involved.
  • A common objective, usually profit-driven, must be evident.
  • There must be active participation or agreement among members to work together.

An AOP differs from a Body of Individuals (BOI), which generally consists of only individuals and may not necessarily aim for profit. Notably, "persons" can include individuals, Hindu Undivided Families (HUFs), companies, and other legal entities.

Formation and Structure

An AOP is formed when two or more parties decide to collaborate, which may be formalised through a contract or an informal agreement. What defines the formation is the mutual intent to work towards a shared goal, usually involving the generation of income.

The structure of an AOP is highly flexible. Unlike corporations that follow rigid regulatory frameworks, an AOP’s internal structure, including member roles, decision-making protocols, profit-sharing ratios, and operational rules, can be tailored to the group's needs and outlined in the founding agreement.

Taxation of Association of Persons

The Income Tax Act recognises an AOP as a distinct taxable entity. The taxation rules vary based on whether the individual members' income shares are:

  • Determinate (known): If the shares are specific and known, tax is computed based on individual member rates.
  • Indeterminate (unknown): If shares are not defined, the AOP is taxed at the Maximum Marginal Rate (MMR) as per Section 167 B.

Section 86 also determines how the AOP's income is passed on or taxed to individual members.

Computation of Taxable Income of AOP

The process for computing taxable income for an AOP involves:

  1. Calculating total income under different heads, such as business, house property, capital gains, etc.
  2. Applying deductions under Chapter VIA (like Section 80C, 80D).
  3. Exclusions: Interest, salary, bonus, or commission paid to members is not deductible.
  4. Applying Section 167B:
    • If shares are known, AOP is taxed at slab rates applicable to individuals.
    • If shares are unknown, AOP is taxed at MMR (30%).

Exclusions from AOP

hile the term AOP has a broad definition in taxation, certain entities are excluded, including:

  • Companies (taxed separately)
  • Cooperative Societies (specific tax provisions apply)
  • Registered Societies under the Societies Registration Act of 1860 or similar laws

These entities follow distinct tax regimes and are not classified as AOPs under the Income Tax Act.

Advantages of Forming an AOP

An AOP offers several benefits:

  • Resource pooling: Members combine skills, capital, and other assets.
  • Shared risks and rewards: Risks are distributed among members.
  • Flexibility: Members can design the structure, operations, and profit-sharing as per mutual agreement.
  • Tax advantages: Strategic planning can help reduce overall tax liabilities.

Section 86: Assessment of Share of AOP Members

Section 86 governs how an individual member's share of income from an AOP is taxed:

  • If AOP is taxed at MMR: the member’s share is exempt from tax.
  • If AOP is taxed at regular rates: the member’s share is included in their total income, but they receive a tax rebate to avoid double taxation.

This ensures equitable tax treatment based on the AOP’s structure and tax status.

Association of Persons Registration

To register an AOP in India, follow these steps:

  1. Draft a Deed: Define objectives, structure, member roles, and profit-sharing.
  2. Get Signatures & Witnesses: All members must sign in the presence of witnesses.
  3. Obtain PAN: Apply for a PAN in the name of the AOP via Form 49A.
  4. Prepare Documents: Include ID/address proofs of members, the AOP deed, and passport-sized photos.
  5. Submit to Authority: File the documents with the Registrar of Firms or the relevant local authority.

Frequently Asked Questions

rize image

Register your Business at just 1,499 + Govt. Fee

Register your business
rize image

Register your Private Limited Company in just 1,499 + Govt. Fee

Register your business
rize image

Register your One Person Company in just 1,499 + Govt. Fee

Register your business
rize image

Register your Business starting at just 1,499 + Govt. Fee

Register your business
rize image

Register your Limited Liability Partnership in just 1,499 + Govt. Fee

Register your business

Private Limited Company
(Pvt. Ltd.)

1,499 + Govt. Fee
BEST SUITED FOR
  • Service-based businesses
  • Businesses looking to issue shares
  • Businesses seeking investment through equity-based funding


Limited Liability Partnership
(LLP)

1,499 + Govt. Fee
BEST SUITED FOR
  • Professional services 
  • Firms seeking any capital contribution from Partners
  • Firms sharing resources with limited liability 

One Person Company
(OPC)

1,499 + Govt. Fee
BEST SUITED FOR
  • Freelancers, Small-scale businesses
  • Businesses looking for minimal compliance
  • Businesses looking for single-ownership

Private Limited Company
(Pvt. Ltd.)

1,499 + Govt. Fee
BEST SUITED FOR
  • Service-based businesses
  • Businesses looking to issue shares
  • Businesses seeking investment through equity-based funding


One Person Company
(OPC)

1,499 + Govt. Fee
BEST SUITED FOR
  • Freelancers, Small-scale businesses
  • Businesses looking for minimal compliance
  • Businesses looking for single-ownership

Private Limited Company
(Pvt. Ltd.)

1,499 + Govt. Fee
BEST SUITED FOR
  • Service-based businesses
  • Businesses looking to issue shares
  • Businesses seeking investment through equity-based funding


Limited Liability Partnership
(LLP)

1,499 + Govt. Fee
BEST SUITED FOR
  • Professional services 
  • Firms seeking any capital contribution from Partners
  • Firms sharing resources with limited liability 

Frequently Asked Questions

What do you mean by Association of Persons (AOP)?

An Association of Persons (AOP) is a group of two or more individuals (or entities) who voluntarily come together to achieve a common purpose, typically to earn income and profits, or carry out a business or professional activity. Under Indian tax law, an AOP is treated as a separate taxable unit.

While there is no formal statutory definition, courts like in the landmark case CIT v. Indira Balkrishna (1960) have clarified that a key feature of an AOP is the mutual intent to earn and share profits.

What is an example of an Association of Persons?

A classic example of an AOP is a joint venture between two contractors who collaborate to complete a specific infrastructure project. Both partners pool resources and share profits based on a mutual agreement without necessarily forming a company or partnership firm. Other examples include:

  • Film production consortiums
  • Temporary project collaborations
  • Consortiums bidding for tenders

What is the difference between AOP and BOI?

Feature AOP BOI
Members Can include individuals, companies, HUFs, etc. Includes only individuals
Purpose Formed for profit or income generation Formed for common interest; may or may not earn income
Taxation Taxed as a separate entity under the Income Tax Act Also taxed as a separate entity, but only if income exists
Formation Voluntary agreement among diverse persons/entities Voluntary coming together of only individuals

Can an AOP open a bank account?

Yes, an AOP can open a bank account in India. To do so, it needs to:

  • Draft an AOP agreement or deed
  • Obtain a PAN card in the name of the AOP
  • Submit KYC documents (ID/address proofs) of members
  • Provide a Board resolution or an authority letter signed by members
  • Register the AOP if required (though registration is not mandatory for all AOPs)

Banks may have slightly different requirements, but these are the general prerequisites.

What is the income tax rate for AOP?

The income tax rate for an AOP depends on how the share of income among members is determined:

  • If the shares of members are determinate and none are taxed at a higher rate: AOP is taxed at normal slab rates, similar to individuals.
  • If shares are determinate but one or more members are taxed at higher rates: AOP is taxed at the maximum marginal rate (MMR), currently 30% + surcharge + cess.
  • If the shares of members are indeterminate or unknown: Tax is levied on the AOP at the maximum marginal rate (MMR) regardless of members' tax status.

Related Posts

What is Letter of Credit (LC)? Meaning, Types, Examples, and Uses

What is Letter of Credit (LC)? Meaning, Types, Examples, and Uses

A Letter of Credit (LC) is a financial tool used in trade transactions to ensure secure payments for sellers. It acts as a guarantee from a bank that the buyer's payment will be received on time and for the correct amount. This mechanism minimises risks in international trade. There are various types of LCs like sight credit, acceptance credit and revocable credit, etc.

Table of Contents

What is an LC (Letter of Credit)?

A Letter of Credit (LC) is a document issued by a bank that guarantees payment to a seller on behalf of a buyer, provided that certain conditions are met. This financial instrument ensures payment security and mitigates risks associated with cross-border transactions. The issuance of an LC involves specific conditions, like the submission of required documents, which the bank reviews before releasing funds. It provides bank guarantees and incurs fees that are essential for its operation.

Examples of Letters of Credit

International Trade Example: A U.S. company wants to buy machinery from an Indian exporter. The U.S. company requests its bank to issue an LC to the Indian exporter. Once the exporter ships the machinery and presents the required documents to their bank, they receive payment from the issuing bank, ensuring trust and mitigating payment risk.

Domestic Transaction Example: A large retail chain uses an LC to purchase inventory from a local supplier. The LC guarantees that the supplier will receive payment as soon as they fulfill the delivery conditions outlined in the agreement.

Basics of a Letter of Credit Transaction

Applicant

The buyer who requests the LC from their bank. They initiate the process by applying for the LC and specifying the terms and conditions of the trade.

Beneficiary

The seller who receives payment through the LC. They must present all required documents correctly to receive payment.

Issuing Bank

The bank that issues the LC on behalf of the applicant. They verify the buyer's creditworthiness and commit to making the payment when conditions are met.

Negotiating Bank

The negotiating bank in LC that examines documents presented by the beneficiary and facilitates payment. They ensure all paperwork matches LC requirements perfectly.

The process begins when the applicant approaches their issuing bank for an LC. The issuing bank then coordinates with the negotiating bank to establish terms and verify documents before releasing any funds.

Importance of Letters of Credit

Secure Payments

They ensure that sellers receive payments without requiring advance payments, reducing risk for both parties involved in the letter of credit.

Facilitate Cross-Border Transactions

LCs simplify complex international transactions by providing a standardised payment mechanism across different countries.

Secure Business Funding

They provide businesses with necessary funding while verifying creditworthiness, helping companies maintain healthy cash flow.

Financial Assurance

LCs offer security when buyers cannot pay, acting as a guarantee backed by reliable banking institutions.

Advantages of Letters of Credit

Ease International Trade: Simplifies complex transactions across borders by providing a structured framework for payment and documentation.

Foster Global Business Connections: Builds trust between trading partners by removing payment uncertainty and providing bank-backed guarantees.

Provide Flexibility: Customisable terms to suit various transaction needs, including payment timing, shipping requirements, and document presentation.

Parties to Documentary Credit

Commercial/Trade Parties: The buyer and seller form the core of the transaction, initiating and completing the trade deal.

Banks: Issuing and advising banks serve as intermediaries ensuring secure payment and proper documentation.

Related Entities: Shipping lines and insurers support the transaction by handling logistics and risk management aspects.

Types of a Letter of Credit

Sight Credit

A Sight Credit allows instant payment upon presenting the correct documents, providing immediate access to funds for sellers. For example, if a businessman needs quick access to cash after shipping goods, they can use this type of credit.

Acceptance Credit/Time Credit

Acceptance or Time Credit involves bills that are accepted upon presentation and paid on specified due dates. This type allows sellers to receive payments after a set period.

Revocable Letter of Credit

A Revocable Letter of Credit can be canceled or modified by the issuing bank without beneficiary consent, which limits its reliability in ensuring secure transactions.

Irrevocable Letter of Credit

An Irrevocable Letter of Credit guarantees payment once certified by the exporter’s bank. This type provides security for international transactions and is often preferred by exporters due to its reliability.

Confirmed Letter of Credit

A Confirmed Letter of Credit involves both issuing and confirming banks. The confirming bank guarantees payment to the beneficiary, holding equal liability as the issuing bank, ensuring that payments will be honored upon proper presentation.

Back-to-Back Letter of Credit

This type involves issuing a second LC based on the security provided by the first LC. It is commonly used to secure payments for suppliers in international trade transactions.

Transferable Letter of Credit

A Transferable Letter of Credit allows the primary beneficiary to transfer credit partially or fully to another beneficiary, typically a supplier. However, once transferred, the second beneficiary cannot transfer it further.

Restricted Letter of Credit

A Restricted Letter of Credit specifies a particular bank responsible for payment, limiting its scope compared to unrestricted LCs. This type is often used when specific banks are preferred due to their reliability.

Revolving Letter of Credit

A Revolving Letter of Credit allows reuse after payments or drawings are made. This flexibility is beneficial for businesses requiring multiple shipments or ongoing transactions under one credit arrangement.

Precautions to be Taken

Verify Bank Reliability: The issuing bank must be reliable and well-known to both parties of the letter of credit. This helps minimise risks and ensures the LC will be honored when presented.

Local Bank Verification: It's essential to advise through an Indian bank and confirm the authenticity of the LC. The local bank can verify the legitimacy of the foreign bank and ensure all documents meet local regulations.

Clarify Financial Terms: Make sure to clearly establish who covers all bank charges and confirm freight payment terms as specified in contract agreements. This prevents disputes and unexpected costs during the transaction process.

Import Export Code

The Import Export Code (IEC) is a mandatory document required for all businesses involved in international trade. This code streamlines customs clearance, enables duty benefits, and ensures regulatory compliance. Through platforms like Razorpay Rize, businesses can obtain their IEC within 6-7 days which makes the process efficient and straightforward.

Frequently Asked Questions

rize image

Register your Business at just 1,499 + Govt. Fee

Register your business
rize image

Register your Private Limited Company in just 1,499 + Govt. Fee

Register your business
rize image

Register your One Person Company in just 1,499 + Govt. Fee

Register your business
rize image

Register your Business starting at just 1,499 + Govt. Fee

Register your business
rize image

Register your Limited Liability Partnership in just 1,499 + Govt. Fee

Register your business

Private Limited Company
(Pvt. Ltd.)

1,499 + Govt. Fee
BEST SUITED FOR
  • Service-based businesses
  • Businesses looking to issue shares
  • Businesses seeking investment through equity-based funding


Limited Liability Partnership
(LLP)

1,499 + Govt. Fee
BEST SUITED FOR
  • Professional services 
  • Firms seeking any capital contribution from Partners
  • Firms sharing resources with limited liability 

One Person Company
(OPC)

1,499 + Govt. Fee
BEST SUITED FOR
  • Freelancers, Small-scale businesses
  • Businesses looking for minimal compliance
  • Businesses looking for single-ownership

Private Limited Company
(Pvt. Ltd.)

1,499 + Govt. Fee
BEST SUITED FOR
  • Service-based businesses
  • Businesses looking to issue shares
  • Businesses seeking investment through equity-based funding


One Person Company
(OPC)

1,499 + Govt. Fee
BEST SUITED FOR
  • Freelancers, Small-scale businesses
  • Businesses looking for minimal compliance
  • Businesses looking for single-ownership

Private Limited Company
(Pvt. Ltd.)

1,499 + Govt. Fee
BEST SUITED FOR
  • Service-based businesses
  • Businesses looking to issue shares
  • Businesses seeking investment through equity-based funding


Limited Liability Partnership
(LLP)

1,499 + Govt. Fee
BEST SUITED FOR
  • Professional services 
  • Firms seeking any capital contribution from Partners
  • Firms sharing resources with limited liability 

Frequently Asked Questions

What is meant by a letter of credit?

A letter of credit is a financial instrument issued by a bank that serves as a guarantee of payment in a transaction. The bank commits to pay the seller on behalf of the buyer when specific conditions and documentation requirements are met.

What is the difference between LC and BG?

While both are banking instruments, they serve different purposes. A letter of credit (LC) primarily ensures payment for a specific transaction upon meeting predetermined conditions. In contrast, a bank guarantee (BG) acts as a financial backup that compensates for potential losses if one party fails to meet their obligations.

Is a letter of credit a bank guarantee?

Though they may seem similar, these are distinct financial instruments. Letters of credit facilitate trade transactions by ensuring payment, while bank guarantees provide security against non-performance or default. They have different structures, purposes, and usage scenarios in business transactions.

Which type of LC is safest?

Among all types of letters of credit, a confirmed LC offers the highest level of security for sellers. This is because it involves two banks - the issuing bank and a confirming bank - both guaranteeing payment. The second bank's confirmation adds an extra layer of payment security, particularly valuable when dealing with international trade.

What is the bank limit for LC?

There's no standard limit for letters of credit, as banks set their own limits. These limits are determined by various factors like:

  • The bank's assessment of the client's creditworthiness
  • The nature and value of the transaction
  • The type of goods or services involved
  • The client's relationship with the bank
  • The bank's own risk policies and regulatory requirements

Nipun Jain

Nipun Jain is a seasoned startup leader with 13+ years of experience across zero-to-one journeys, leading enterprise sales, partnerships, and strategy at high-growth startups. He currently heads Razorpay Rize, where he's building India's most loved startup enablement program and launched Rize Incorporation to simplify company registration for founders.

Previously, he founded Natty Niños and scaled it before exiting in 2021, then led enterprise growth at Pickrr Technologies, contributing to its $200M acquisition by Shiprocket. A builder at heart, Nipun loves numbers, stories and simplifying complex processes.

Read more
Types of Trademark: A Comprehensive Guide

Types of Trademark: A Comprehensive Guide

A trademark is a unique identifier, such as a word, symbol, or design, that distinguishes the goods or services of one business from another. It plays a vital role in helping consumers identify the origin of products or services, ensuring authenticity and trust. 

There are different types of trademarks, including product marks, service marks, collective marks, and more. Each type serves a specific purpose, offering businesses a way to protect their intellectual property and enhance brand recognition. This article will explore the various categories of trademarks, their significance, and how they can be applied to businesses.

Table of Contents

Product Mark

A product mark is a kind of trademark used exclusively on goods, helping consumers identify the origin of the product and ensuring its authenticity. It plays a crucial role in distinguishing one business's goods from another, contributing to brand recognition and reputation.

Product marks fall under trademark classes 1 to 34, which categorise various types of goods, including chemicals, machinery, and textiles. For example, the "Nike" logo on shoes is a product mark that signifies the brand's origin and quality. 

Service Mark

A service mark is a trademark used to distinguish one business's services from those offered by others. Unlike product marks, which apply to goods, service marks highlight the origin and quality of services, helping customers identify and trust a particular service provider.

These marks typically fall under trademark classes 35 to 45, covering various services such as advertising, financial services, and hospitality. For instance, the "Taj Hotels" emblem represents a service mark that signifies premium hospitality services. 

Collective Mark

A collective mark is a type of trademark used to identify goods or services offered by members of a group, association, or institution. It ensures that the products or services meet specific quality or ethical standards set by the organisation holding the mark.

These marks distinguish the collective efforts of a group rather than an individual business. For example, the Chartered Accountant (CA) designation in India serves as a collective mark in trademark, representing professionals certified by the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India (ICAI).

Certification Mark

A certification mark is a symbol used to certify that a product meets specific standards related to origin, material, quality, or manufacturing methods. It guarantees that the certified product complies with established benchmarks, regardless of the owner’s business.

Certification mark examples include the "ISI" mark on electrical appliances and the "Agmark" label on food products in India, both of which assure consumers of quality and safety. Such marks are commonly found on food, electronics, and toys.

Shape Mark

A shape mark protects the distinctive shape of a product, enabling consumers to associate it with a specific brand. It ensures that unique designs contributing to a product's identity remain exclusive to the brand. For instance, the iconic contour shape of Coca-Cola bottles and the unique design of Fanta bottles are classic examples of shape marks that enhance brand recognition and trust.

Pattern Mark

A pattern mark protects distinctive designs or patterns used on a product to set it apart from competitors. To qualify, the pattern must be unique and easily recognisable—generic or common patterns are often rejected. For example, the well-known Burberry check pattern on their clothing and accessories is a classic pattern mark that helps identify the brand.

Demonstrating the uniqueness of the pattern is essential for successful registration, as it ensures the design remains exclusive to the brand, reinforcing its identity in the market.

Sound Mark

A sound mark is a unique audio signature linked to a product or service, allowing consumers to identify its origin through sound. It plays a significant role in branding, often used as an audio mnemonic in advertisements. A well-known example in India is the IPL tune, which instantly evokes recognition of the Indian Premier League.

Arbitrary and Fanciful Trademarks

Arbitrary and fanciful trademarks are distinct categories that stand out for their unique qualities. A fanciful mark is a made-up term or word with no prior meaning, making it highly distinctive and easy to register. For example, "Google" and "Kodak" are fanciful marks, as these words were coined specifically for the brands and have no inherent connection to their respective products.

On the other hand, an arbitrary mark uses a commonly known word but has no direct relation to the product or service it represents. "Apple," for instance, is an arbitrary mark since it’s a well-known word but doesn’t link directly to computers or electronics. 

Geographical Indications (GI)

A Geographical Indication (GI) is not a type of trademark but a separate form of intellectual property protection. It denotes a product’s specific geographic origin and assures consumers of its quality or reputation linked to that region. GIs help preserve the uniqueness of products tied to their location. For example, "Darjeeling Tea" and "Banarasi Silk" are GIs that signify the products’ origins and qualities unique to those regions.

How to Choose the Right Type of Trademark?

  1. Assess the Nature of Your Product/Service

    Determine the characteristics and qualities of your product or service. Understanding its nature helps in choosing the appropriate trademark type. For instance, if your product has a unique shape or design, a shape mark could be suitable. If your service stands out for its quality or reputation, a service mark might be more fitting.
  1. Focus on Branding Goals and Industry Standards

Consider your branding goals—whether you aim to build recognition, guarantee quality, or differentiate your offering. Also, take into account industry practices.

For instance, if you're part of a group or association, a collective mark might be more suitable, whereas a certification mark may be necessary for products requiring quality assurance. Ensure that the trademark aligns with your long-term branding strategy.

  1. Consult a Trademark Expert if Necessary

If you are uncertain about which trademark suits your business, it’s advisable to consult a trademark expert. They can assess your product or service and guide you on the best trademark type based on legal requirements and market needs. This ensures that your trademark selection is legally sound and provides optimal protection.

Examples of Trademarks in Action

  1. Food Industry

    Pepsi uses a product mark that consists of its distinctive logo, which is instantly recognisable by its red, white, and blue colour scheme. This trademark is essential in helping customers identify the Pepsi brand in a competitive market filled with various soft drink options. The product mark not only includes the logo but also the unique design of its packaging, ensuring that every Pepsi product stands out on store shelves.
  1. Fashion Industry

Louis Vuitton has trademarked its iconic monogram pattern as a pattern mark. This pattern, featuring the “LV” logo repeated across their products, is instantly recognisable worldwide. The distinctive design appears on bags, luggage, and other luxury accessories, making it a signature of high-end fashion.

By using this pattern mark, Louis Vuitton differentiates itself from other brands and maintains its status in the luxury market, ensuring that customers associate the design with quality and exclusivity.

  1. Technology Industry

    The name Microsoft is a suggestive mark. It combines “microcomputer” and “software,” hinting at its products (software for small computers) without explicitly describing them. Suggestive marks require consumers to make a mental connection between the name and the product or service.


This type of trademark is distinctive while maintaining a subtle association with the brand's offerings, making it a powerful branding tool in the technology sector.

  1. Hospitality Industry

    Marriott International uses a service mark to represent its brand and distinguish its services in the hospitality industry. The service mark covers not only the name “Marriott” but also its reputation for providing high-quality customer service, luxury, and a wide range of hospitality offerings.

From hotels to resorts, Marriott’s service mark assures customers of a consistent experience, helping the brand stand out in the competitive world of hotels and travel.

Frequently Asked Questions

rize image

Register your Business at just 1,499 + Govt. Fee

Register your business
rize image

Register your Private Limited Company in just 1,499 + Govt. Fee

Register your business
rize image

Register your One Person Company in just 1,499 + Govt. Fee

Register your business
rize image

Register your Business starting at just 1,499 + Govt. Fee

Register your business
rize image

Register your Limited Liability Partnership in just 1,499 + Govt. Fee

Register your business

Private Limited Company
(Pvt. Ltd.)

1,499 + Govt. Fee
BEST SUITED FOR
  • Service-based businesses
  • Businesses looking to issue shares
  • Businesses seeking investment through equity-based funding


Limited Liability Partnership
(LLP)

1,499 + Govt. Fee
BEST SUITED FOR
  • Professional services 
  • Firms seeking any capital contribution from Partners
  • Firms sharing resources with limited liability 

One Person Company
(OPC)

1,499 + Govt. Fee
BEST SUITED FOR
  • Freelancers, Small-scale businesses
  • Businesses looking for minimal compliance
  • Businesses looking for single-ownership

Private Limited Company
(Pvt. Ltd.)

1,499 + Govt. Fee
BEST SUITED FOR
  • Service-based businesses
  • Businesses looking to issue shares
  • Businesses seeking investment through equity-based funding


One Person Company
(OPC)

1,499 + Govt. Fee
BEST SUITED FOR
  • Freelancers, Small-scale businesses
  • Businesses looking for minimal compliance
  • Businesses looking for single-ownership

Private Limited Company
(Pvt. Ltd.)

1,499 + Govt. Fee
BEST SUITED FOR
  • Service-based businesses
  • Businesses looking to issue shares
  • Businesses seeking investment through equity-based funding


Limited Liability Partnership
(LLP)

1,499 + Govt. Fee
BEST SUITED FOR
  • Professional services 
  • Firms seeking any capital contribution from Partners
  • Firms sharing resources with limited liability 

Frequently Asked Questions

What are the different types of trademarks?

The different types of trademarks include product marks, service marks, collective marks, certification marks, shape marks, pattern marks, and sound marks etc. 

What are 2 examples of a trademark?

Two examples of trademarks are the "Nike" swoosh logo, representing the brand's sportswear and footwear, and the "Apple" logo, symbolising the technology company's products like iPhones and Macs. 

What are the different types of IPR?

Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) include copyrights, trademarks, patents, designs, and geographical indications (GI). These rights help protect the creations and innovations of individuals or businesses, ensuring legal protection and exclusivity.

What is the full form of TRIPS?

TRIPS stands for Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights. It is an international legal agreement that sets minimum standards for protecting and enforcing intellectual property rights across countries.

How to register a product mark in India?

To register a product mark in India, you need to select a trademark agent (if not based in India), choose a distinctive mark and relevant class, and conduct a search for availability. Then, file the application with the required documents and fees. The application will be examined, published for opposition, and, if no objections arise, it will be registered for 10 years.

Benefits of having a service mark for your business

A service mark helps protect your business’s identity and reputation in the market. It distinguishes your services from competitors, boosts consumer confidence, and provides legal protection against imitation. 

What is a collective mark and how does it work?

A collective mark is a trademark used by members of a group, association, or organisation to signify that the goods or services meet certain standards the collective owner sets. It helps distinguish products or services from those of non-members, ensuring quality and origin.

Sarthak Goyal

Sarthak Goyal is a Chartered Accountant with 10+ years of experience in business process consulting, internal audits, risk management, and Virtual CFO services. He cleared his CA at 21, began his career in a PSU, and went on to establish a successful ₹8 Cr+ e-commerce venture.

He has since advised ₹200–1000 Cr+ companies on streamlining operations, setting up audit frameworks, and financial monitoring. A community builder for finance professionals and an amateur writer, Sarthak blends deep finance expertise with an entrepreneurial spirit and a passion for continuous learning.

Read more
How to apply for a Digital Signature Certificate in India | Razorpay Rize

How to apply for a Digital Signature Certificate in India | Razorpay Rize

A Digital Signature Certificate (DSC) is a secure digital key issued by a trusted authority, known as a Certificate Authority (CA), that is used to authenticate the identity of individuals, organizations, or devices in the digital world.

It is a digital equivalent of a handwritten signature or a stamped seal, providing assurance of the signer's identity and the integrity of the signed document or message. In general, a DSC includes details such as name, postal code, country, email address, certificate issuance date, and the name of the certifying authority.

In this blog, we'll explore the significance of DSCs, the process of applying for them in India, and their key features.

Table of Contents

Importance of a Digital Signature Certificate

The importance of a Digital Signature Certificate (DSC) lies in its ability to provide strong authentication, integrity, and proper encryptions in digital transactions and communications.

Importance of a Digital Signature Certificate in India

Here are several key reasons why DSCs are important and why you should apply for one as a founder:

1. Authentication

  • DSCs verify the identity of individuals, organizations, or devices involved in digital transactions, ensuring that the sender is who they claim to be.

2. Integrity

  • Digital signatures created using DSCs ensure the integrity of electronic documents or messages by detecting any unauthorized changes or tampering.

3. Security

  • DSCs use strong cryptographic techniques to protect sensitive information and prevent unauthorized access.

4. Legal Recognition

  • In India, many industries and regulatory frameworks require the use of DSCs for specific types of transactions or communications to comply with security and privacy regulations.

5. Government Services

  • DSCs play an important role in the company registration process irrespective of the company type. Accessing government services, filing tax returns, or participating in e-tendering processes require digital signatures for authentication and authorization.

6. Efficiency

  • DSCs streamline digital workflows by enabling secure and paperless transactions without the physical presence.

Overall, DSCs offer numerous benefits, including enhanced security, legal validity, efficiency, and cost savings, making them indispensable for digital transactions and communications

Different Classes of Digital Signature Certificates (DSCs)

Certifying authorities issue 3 types of DSCs to accommodate various needs and purposes.The type of applicant and the intended use of the Digital Signature Certificate determine the specific kind of DSC that should be sought based on the requirements.

Class 1 DSC:

  • These certificates are issued for individuals or private users and are primarily used for email communication and basic transactions.
  • Verification requirements are minimal, typically involving email validation or verification of basic personal information.

Class 2 DSC:

  • Class 2 certificates are used for both individual and organizational purposes and offer a higher level of security and trust compared to Class 1.
  • To obtain a Class 2 DSC, the applicant's identity is verified against a trusted government-issued identity document, such as a passport or driver's license.

Class 3 DSC:

  • Class 3 certificates provide the highest level of security and are typically used for online transactions involving high-value financial transactions, e-commerce, and government applications.
  • The verification process for Class 3 DSCs involves rigorous identity verification procedures, including in-person verification and submission of supporting documents.

Certifying Authorities in India

Certifying Agencies are designated by the office of the Controller of Certification Agencies (CCA) in accordance with the provisions of the IT Act, 2000. Currently, there are eight Certification Agencies authorized by the CCA to issue Digital Signature Certificates (DSCs).

Major DSC Certifying Authorities in India

Format of a Digital Signature Certificate

A DSC typically contains the following components:

1. Public Key

  • A cryptographic key that is made publicly available and used to verify digital signatures created by the corresponding private key.

2. Private Key

  • A secret key that is securely held by the owner and used to create digital signatures for documents or messages.

3. Certificate Information

  • Details about the certificate, including the issuer (Certifying Authority), the validity period, a unique identifier, the subject (owner), and the digital signature of the CA to confirm its authenticity.

4. Digital Signature

  • A unique digital signature generated using the private key of the certificate, which can be verified using the corresponding public key.

The format of a Digital Signature Certificate (DSC) can vary depending on the issuing Certificate Authority (CA) and the type and class of the certificate.

Documents required for obtaining a Digital Signature Certificate

The documents required for obtaining a Digital Signature Certificate (DSC) include:

  • Proof of Identity: Copy of any one of the following government-issued identity documents attested by a Gazetted officer:
    • Passport
    • Aadhaar Card
    • PAN Card
    • Voter ID Card
  • Proof of Address: Copy of any one of the following documents showing the applicant's residential address attested by a Gazetted officer:
    • Utility bill (electricity, water, gas, telephone)
    • Bank statement
    • Rent agreement
  • Passport Size Photograph: Recent passport-size color photograph of the applicant.
  • Self-attested Copy of PAN Card: A self-attested photocopy of the applicant's PAN Card.
  • Organization Documents (if applicable):For organizations, additional documents such as the Certificate of Incorporation, Memorandum of Association (MOA), Articles of Association (AOA), or Partnership Deed may be required.

It's important to note that the specific documents required may vary depending on the type of Digital Signature Certificate (e.g., Class 1, Class 2, Class 3), the Certification Authority (CA) issuing the certificate, and the purpose for which the certificate is being obtained.

How to apply for a Digital Signature Certificate?

Razorpay Rize simplifies this process by streamlining e-filing on the MCA portal (company registration process), and as part of the package, you can acquire 2 Digital Signature Certificates for the involved directors/partners.

Note: It's necessary to obtain a Digital Signature Certificate (DSC) of either the Class 2 or Class 3 signing certificate category issued by a licensed Certifying Authority (CA) to facilitate e-filing on the MCA Portal for company registration processes.

Alternatively, you also have the option to apply for DSCs through designated certifying agencies through the following steps.

  • Choose a Certifying Authority (CA) accredited by the Controller of Certification Agencies (CCA) under the provisions of the IT Act, 2000.
  • Determine the type and class of DSC required based on your needs and the level of security required (e.g., Class 1, Class 2, Class 3).
  • Gather the necessary documents, including proof of identity, proof of address, passport-size photograph, self-attested copy of PAN card, and any organization-related documents (if applicable).
  • Obtain and fill out the DSC application form provided by the chosen Certifying Authority. Fill in the necessary details like the Class of the DSC, validity, type, applicant name and details, residential address, etc.
  • Undergo the identity verification process as per the CA's requirements, which may involve in-person verification or online verification, depending on the type of DSC and the CA's policies.
  • Pay the prescribed fees.
  • Upon successful verification and payment, the Certifying Authority will generate a unique key pair consisting of a public key and a corresponding private key.
  • Once the key pair is generated, the Certifying Authority will issue the Digital Signature Certificate.
  • Install the DSC on the appropriate device or token as per the CA's instructions.

Validity of the Digital Signature Certificate

Digital Signature Certificates (DSCs) are commonly issued with either a one-year validity or a two-year validity period.

These certificates can be renewed upon expiry of the initial validity period. Renewal procedures typically involve submitting updated documentation and undergoing identity verification processes, similar to the initial application process.

Fees for the Digital Signature Certificate in India

If you’re registering your business with Razorpay Rize, DSCs are commonly included in the package regardless of the company type.

In the case of direct applications, the fees include various components, including the one-time cost of the medium (such as a USB token), the Digital Signature Certificate (DSC) issuance cost, the renewal cost after the validity period expires, and the support costs (if any).

The costs, as mentioned on the MCA website, are as follows-

Certifying Authority Cost of DSC with one-year validity,
excluding USB token cost & Taxes
Cost of DSC with two-year validity,
excluding USB token cost & Taxes
MTNL CA Rs. 300/- (for MTNL phone subscribers) and Rs. 450/- for others Rs. 400/- (for MTNL phone subscribers) and Rs. 600/- for others
TCS Rs. 1245 (Inclusive of 12.24% Sales Tax.) Rs. 1900/- (Inclusive of 12.24% Sales Tax)
IDBRT Rs. 750/- (Rs. 500/- towards administrative expenses and Rs. 250/- for Certificate) Rs. 1500/-
SAFESCRYPT Rs. 995/- Rs. 1650/-
NIC NIL for Government Rs. 150/- for PSU, Autonomous & Statutory Bodies NIL for Government Rs. 150/- for PSU, Autonomous & Statutory Bodies
Central Excise and Customs NA NA
e-Mudhra Rs. 899/- Rs. 1149/-

Frequently Asked Questions

rize image

Register your Business at just 1,499 + Govt. Fee

Register your business
rize image

Register your Private Limited Company in just 1,499 + Govt. Fee

Register your business
rize image

Register your One Person Company in just 1,499 + Govt. Fee

Register your business
rize image

Register your Business starting at just 1,499 + Govt. Fee

Register your business
rize image

Register your Limited Liability Partnership in just 1,499 + Govt. Fee

Register your business

Private Limited Company
(Pvt. Ltd.)

1,499 + Govt. Fee
BEST SUITED FOR
  • Service-based businesses
  • Businesses looking to issue shares
  • Businesses seeking investment through equity-based funding


Limited Liability Partnership
(LLP)

1,499 + Govt. Fee
BEST SUITED FOR
  • Professional services 
  • Firms seeking any capital contribution from Partners
  • Firms sharing resources with limited liability 

One Person Company
(OPC)

1,499 + Govt. Fee
BEST SUITED FOR
  • Freelancers, Small-scale businesses
  • Businesses looking for minimal compliance
  • Businesses looking for single-ownership

Private Limited Company
(Pvt. Ltd.)

1,499 + Govt. Fee
BEST SUITED FOR
  • Service-based businesses
  • Businesses looking to issue shares
  • Businesses seeking investment through equity-based funding


One Person Company
(OPC)

1,499 + Govt. Fee
BEST SUITED FOR
  • Freelancers, Small-scale businesses
  • Businesses looking for minimal compliance
  • Businesses looking for single-ownership

Private Limited Company
(Pvt. Ltd.)

1,499 + Govt. Fee
BEST SUITED FOR
  • Service-based businesses
  • Businesses looking to issue shares
  • Businesses seeking investment through equity-based funding


Limited Liability Partnership
(LLP)

1,499 + Govt. Fee
BEST SUITED FOR
  • Professional services 
  • Firms seeking any capital contribution from Partners
  • Firms sharing resources with limited liability 

Frequently Asked Questions

Is there a difference between a digital signature and a DSC?

Yes, a digital signature refers to the cryptographic technique used to sign electronic documents, while a DSC is the digital certificate that contains a digital signature key pair and is used to verify the signer's identity.

What are the different types of DSCs valid during Company registration?

The different types of Digital Signature Certificates currently valid during company registration are class 2 and class 3 types.

Is a Director Identification Number (DIN) required to apply for DSC?

No, you can apply for a DSC without the DIN with supported documents as mentioned in the above sections

How can I check the validity of a DSC?

To check the validity of a Digital Signature Certificate (DSC), you can follow these steps:

  • Access the different USB token tools that are currently available.
  • Login & enter the token password when prompted.
  • Select your certificate name from the list.
  • Once selected, the certificate will open. Navigate to the ‘Details’ tab, where you will find comprehensive information about your certificate, including its validity details.

Rize.Start

Hassle free company registration through Razorpay Rize

in just 1,499 + Govt. Fee
With ₹0 hidden charges

Make your business ready to scale. Become an incorporated company through Razorpay Rize.

Made with ❤️ for founders

View our wall of love

Smooth onboarding, seamless incorporation and a wonderful community. Thanks to the #razorpayrize team! #rizeincorporation
Dhaval Trivedi
Basanth Verma
shopeg.in
Exciting news! Incorporation of our company, FoxSell, with Razorpay Rize was extremely smooth and straightforward. We highly recommend them. Thank you Razorpay Rize for making it easy to set up our business in India.
@foxsellapp
#razorpayrize #rizeincorporation
Dhaval Trivedi
Prakhar Shrivastava
foxsell.app
We would recommend Razorpay Rize incorporation services to any founder without a second doubt. The process was beyond efficient and show's razorpay founder's commitment and vision to truly help entrepreneur's and early stage startups to get them incorporated with ease. If you wanna get incorporated, pick them. Thanks for the help Razorpay.

#entrepreneur #tbsmagazine #rize #razorpay #feedback
Dhaval Trivedi
TBS Magazine
Hey, Guys!
We just got incorporated yesterday.
Thanks to Rize team for all the Support.
It was a wonderful experience.
CHEERS 🥂
#entrepreneur #tbsmagazine #rize #razorpay #feedback
Dhaval Trivedi
Nayan Mishra
https://zillout.com/
Smooth onboarding, seamless incorporation and a wonderful community. Thanks to the #razorpayrize team! #rizeincorporation
Dhaval Trivedi
Basanth Verma
shopeg.in
Exciting news! Incorporation of our company, FoxSell, with Razorpay Rize was extremely smooth and straightforward. We highly recommend them. Thank you Razorpay Rize for making it easy to set up our business in India.
@foxsellapp
#razorpayrize #rizeincorporation
Dhaval Trivedi
Prakhar Shrivastava
foxsell.app
We would recommend Razorpay Rize incorporation services to any founder without a second doubt. The process was beyond efficient and show's razorpay founder's commitment and vision to truly help entrepreneur's and early stage startups to get them incorporated with ease. If you wanna get incorporated, pick them. Thanks for the help Razorpay.

#entrepreneur #tbsmagazine #rize #razorpay #feedback
Dhaval Trivedi
TBS Magazine
Hey, Guys!
We just got incorporated yesterday.
Thanks to Rize team for all the Support.
It was a wonderful experience.
CHEERS 🥂
#entrepreneur #tbsmagazine #rize #razorpay #feedback
Dhaval Trivedi
Nayan Mishra
https://zillout.com/