Auditing Requirements of a Private Limited Company in India

May 27, 2025
Private Limited Company vs. Limited Liability Partnerships

Running a private limited company in India comes with more than just business responsibilities- it also involves adhering to legal and financial regulations, one of the most important being annual audits.

Audit requirements are not optional for private limited companies in India - they are mandated under the Companies Act, 2013, irrespective of the company's size or turnover.

An audit examines a company’s books of accounts, financial statements, and internal controls to determine whether they present an accurate and fair view of its financial position. In this blog, we’ll break down the auditing requirements for private limited companies in India- what an audit really means, who can conduct it, key deadlines, necessary ROC forms, required documentation, and the entire audit process.

Table of Contents

Private Limited Audit

A private limited audit refers to the mandatory examination of a private limited company’s financial records, statements, and internal controls. As per Section 139 of the Companies Act, 2013, every private limited company, irrespective of its turnover, must appoint a Statutory Auditor to audit its books of accounts annually.

The purpose of this audit is:

  • To ensure the accuracy of financial reporting.
  • To verify compliance with accounting and statutory requirements.
  • To safeguard stakeholders' interests, including shareholders and regulators.

Related Read: Appointment of Auditor: A Complete Guide

Types of Audit of a Private Limited Company

Private limited companies in India are subject to various types of audits, each serving a distinct purpose and governed by specific laws.

1. Statutory Audit

Under the Companies Act, 2013, it is mandatory for all private limited companies, regardless of their size or turnover. It is conducted by an independent Chartered Accountant who verifies whether the company’s financial statements are free from material misstatements and presents a true and fair view of its financial position.

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2. Internal Audit

It is required for companies that meet certain financial thresholds related to turnover, outstanding loans, or paid-up capital, as defined under Section 138 of the Companies Act. This audit is not focused on external compliance but on assessing the efficiency of internal controls, identifying risks, and recommending improvements to management processes.

3. Tax Audit

It becomes mandatory under the Income Tax Act, 1961, when a company’s turnover exceeds ₹1 crore or ₹10 crore for companies with significant digital transactions. The main objective is to ensure accurate tax reporting and adherence to income tax laws and provisions.

4. Cost Audit

It applies to companies operating in specific industries, such as manufacturing or telecommunications, as notified by the Central Government. This audit examines cost accounting records and cost statements to ensure that the company is maintaining cost efficiency and following prescribed norms.

Eligibility for Conducting a Private Limited Audit

Only a Chartered Accountant (CA) in practice who is registered with the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India (ICAI) is legally authorised to conduct a statutory audit.

Eligibility criteria include:

  • Valid ICAI membership.
    Holding a Certificate of Practice (COP).
  • Independent of the company (not an employee or related party).

Who Signs the Private Limited Audit Report?

The audit report must be signed by the appointed Statutory Auditor, who is a qualified Chartered Accountant. The CA must include:

  • Their name and membership number.
  • Firm registration number (if applicable).
  • Date and place of signing.

Only the auditor appointed by the company in accordance with the law can legally sign the report.

Appointment of an Auditor

As per Section 139 of the Companies Act, 2013,

  • The first auditor must be appointed by the Board of Directors within 30 days of incorporation.
  • Subsequent auditors are appointed by shareholders at the AGM for a term of five years.
  • The company must file Form ADT-1 with the ROC within 15 days of appointment.

What is the Due Date of a Private Limited Company Audit?

The audit must be completed before the Annual General Meeting (AGM). For companies following the April-March financial year, the audit must typically be completed by September 30 of the following financial year.

In case of a delayed audit, the company and its officers may face penalties ranging from ₹25,000 to ₹5 lakh. Auditors may also be held liable for professional misconduct.

ROC Forms for Audit Requirements

Form Name Purpose
Form ADT–1 Appointment of Auditor
AOC–4 Filing of audited financial statements
MGT–7 Filing of Annual Return
Form 20B (for older companies) Filing Annual Returns (for companies formed before 2014)

Related Read: What is ROC Filing & Why It's Necessary?

Documents Required in Private Limited Audit Report

Auditors require the following documents for conducting the audit:

  • Audited Balance Sheet and Profit & Loss Statement
  • Trial balance
  • Ledger accounts
  • Bank statements and reconciliations
  • Fixed asset register
  • Invoices (sales and purchase)
  • Loan agreements
  • GST returns and tax filings
  • Previous audit reports (if applicable)
  • Board meeting minutes

Contents of the Auditor’s Report for Private Limited Audit

The auditor’s report typically includes:

  • Opinion on the fairness and accuracy of financial statements.
  • Compliance with accounting standards and laws.
  • Commentary on internal control effectiveness.
  • Observations or qualifications (if any).
  • Auditor’s name, membership number, signature, and date.

Step 1: Visit the Official FSSAI Website

Head over to the official Food Safety Compliance System (FoSCoS) portal: https://foodlicensing.fssai.gov.in

Step 2: Create an Account

Click on “Sign Up” and fill in your details like name, mobile number, email ID, and state of operation. Once registered, you’ll receive login credentials via email or phone.

Step 3: Fill in the Application Form

After logging in, choose the appropriate license type based on your business size and turnover (Basic, State, or Central). Then, fill in the required details such as:

  • Business name and address
  • Type of food business (manufacturer, distributor, caterer, etc.)
  • Contact information
  • Business turnover and food handling capacity

Step 4: Upload Required Documents

Upload scanned copies of all the necessary documents.

Step 5: Pay the Application Fee

Once the form is complete and documents are uploaded, proceed to pay the applicable fee online. The amount depends on the license type and duration selected (1–5 years).

Step 6: Submit the Application

Double-check all details before clicking “Submit”. Once submitted, you’ll receive an application reference number which you can use to track your status.

Step 7: Track Your Application Status

Use the “Track Application” feature on the dashboard to monitor progress. You’ll receive notifications if additional info or documents are required.

Once submitted, your application will be reviewed by the local food safety officer. They may conduct a physical inspection (for licenses) or approve the application directly (for Basic Registrations). Upon approval, you’ll receive your FSSAI certificate online.

Process for Conducting a Private Limited Audit

The audit process for a Private Limited Company involves multiple well-defined steps to ensure financial accuracy, legal compliance, and transparency. Below is the step-by-step flow:

Step 1: Audit Planning

  • Understand the nature of the business, industry specifics, and existing internal controls.
  • Define the scope, materiality thresholds, and timeline for the audit.
  • Develop an audit strategy and allocate resources accordingly.

Step 2: Preliminary Review & Risk Assessment

  • Review previous audit reports, financial statements, and key transactions.
  • Identify high-risk areas that may require additional scrutiny.
  • Finalise audit procedures based on the assessed risk.

Step 3: Fieldwork and Evidence Collection

  • Inspect primary financial records like ledgers, journals, cash books, and bank statements.
  • Verify supporting documents such as invoices, purchase orders, tax returns, and payroll data.
  • Confirm physical assets, inventory, and liabilities where applicable.

Step 4: Evaluation of Internal Controls

  • Assess the adequacy and effectiveness of the company’s internal control systems.
  • Detect any control lapses or non-compliance with statutory norms.
  • Recommend improvements to strengthen the internal framework.

Step 5: Drafting the Audit Report

  • Compile audit findings, observations, and any qualifications or adverse remarks.
  • Engage with the management for clarification or additional data where required.
  • Prepare the audit report as per the format prescribed under the Companies Act, 2013.

Step 6: Final Report Submission

  • Submit the signed audit report to the company’s board or shareholders.
  • Ensure timely filing of necessary forms like AOC-4 and MGT-7 with the Registrar of Companies (ROC).

Conclusion

For many founders, audits can seem intimidating or purely bureaucratic. But in reality, they’re a powerful tool that helps you take control of your business finances. A thorough audit not only ensures you're playing by the rules- it also gives you deeper insights into where your money is going, how your company is performing, and where the risks lie.

Whether it's a statutory audit mandated by the Companies Act, a tax audit required under the Income Tax Act, or an internal audit to strengthen operations, each type plays a distinct role in reinforcing the company’s foundation. Audits help catch errors early, uncover inefficiencies, and mitigate risks before they become serious problems.

In the long run, a well-audited company is a well-governed company.

Frequently Asked Questions

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Private Limited Company
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  • Service-based businesses
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  • Businesses seeking investment through equity-based funding


Limited Liability Partnership
(LLP)

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BEST SUITED FOR
  • Professional services 
  • Firms seeking any capital contribution from Partners
  • Firms sharing resources with limited liability 

One Person Company
(OPC)

1,499 + Govt. Fee
BEST SUITED FOR
  • Freelancers, Small-scale businesses
  • Businesses looking for minimal compliance
  • Businesses looking for single-ownership

Private Limited Company
(Pvt. Ltd.)

1,499 + Govt. Fee
BEST SUITED FOR
  • Service-based businesses
  • Businesses looking to issue shares
  • Businesses seeking investment through equity-based funding


One Person Company
(OPC)

1,499 + Govt. Fee
BEST SUITED FOR
  • Freelancers, Small-scale businesses
  • Businesses looking for minimal compliance
  • Businesses looking for single-ownership

Private Limited Company
(Pvt. Ltd.)

1,499 + Govt. Fee
BEST SUITED FOR
  • Service-based businesses
  • Businesses looking to issue shares
  • Businesses seeking investment through equity-based funding


Limited Liability Partnership
(LLP)

1,499 + Govt. Fee
BEST SUITED FOR
  • Professional services 
  • Firms seeking any capital contribution from Partners
  • Firms sharing resources with limited liability 

Frequently Asked Questions

Does a private company need an audit?

Yes, under the Companies Act, 2013, every private limited company in India is required to get its financial statements audited annually by a qualified Chartered Accountant. This statutory audit ensures that the financial records give an accurate and fair view of the company’s financial position.

Is a tax audit compulsory for a Private Limited company?

Tax audit is mandatory for private limited companies if their turnover exceeds ₹1 crore in a financial year (₹10 crore in certain cases involving digital transactions). It is conducted under the Income Tax Act, 1961, to verify compliance with tax provisions and proper maintenance of books of accounts.

What is the audit fee for private companies in India?

Audit fees vary based on the company’s size, complexity of accounts, and location. Typically, audit fees for private limited companies can range anywhere from ₹25,000 to several lakhs per year. The exact fee is negotiated between the company and the auditor.

Who is exempted from audit?

Certain small companies and one-person companies (OPCs) meeting specific criteria (like paid-up capital and turnover thresholds) may be exempt from mandatory audits under the Companies Act. Additionally, some entities may be exempt under the Income Tax Act depending on turnover and other conditions.

What is the difference between a tax audit and a company audit?

  • Company Audit (Statutory Audit): Conducted under the Companies Act, 2013, to ensure the financial statements are accurate and comply with accounting standards. It focuses on overall financial health and regulatory compliance.
  • Tax Audit: Conducted under the Income Tax Act, 1961, to verify the correctness of income and deductions declared in the tax returns, ensuring compliance with tax laws.

Related Posts

National Initiative for Developing and Harnessing Innovations- Seed Support System (NIDHI-SSS)

National Initiative for Developing and Harnessing Innovations- Seed Support System (NIDHI-SSS)

The National Initiative for Developing and Harnessing Innovations (NIDHI) is a comprehensive program created by the Department of Science & Technology, Government of India, through its Innovation & Entrepreneurship division. It fosters the transformation of ideas and innovations, particularly those rooted in knowledge and technology, into thriving startup ventures.

NIDHI-Seed Support System is an initiative of the National Science & Technology Entrepreneurship Development Board (NSTEDB), Department of Science & Technology. aims to bridge a significant gap in financial support for technology-driven startups in their early stages.

Description Who is it for? Benefits
To provide financial assistance to startups for proof of concept, prototype development, product trials, market entry and commercialization, etc. For MSMEs and Technology startups Financial Support up to Rs 100 lakhs per start-up as Seed Support

The core concept of seed support revolves around offering financial aid to budding startups with promising ideas, innovations, and technologies. It strives to provide financial assistance to startups for proving their concept, developing prototypes, conducting product trials, entering the market, and commercializing their innovations.

Table of Contents

Components of NIDHI Scheme

The key components of NIDHI are:

1. NIDHI-GCC

Grand Challenges and Competitions for scouting innovations;

2. NIDHI-PRomotion and Acceleration of Young and Aspiring technology entrepreneurs (NIDHI-PRAYAS)

Support from Idea to Prototype

3. NIDHI- Entrepreneur In Residence (NIDHI-EIR)

Support system to reduce risk

4. Startup-NIDHI through Innovation and Entrepreneurship Development Centres (IEDCs)

To encourage students to promote start-ups in Institutions

5. Start-up Centre in collaboration with MHRD

To drive entrepreneurship and innovation in National Institutions of Higher Learning

6. NIDHI-Technology Business Incubator (TBI)

To help convert Innovations into startups

7. NIDHI-Accelerator

Fast-tracking a start-up through focused intervention

8. NIDHI-Seed Support System (NIDHI-SSS)

To provide early-stage investment

9. NIDHI Centres of Excellence (NIDHI-CoE)

A World-class facility to help startups go global

Focus Areas of NIDHI-SSS

Technology-based product proposals in sectors such as agriculture, healthcare, manufacturing, engineering, IoT, biotechnology, medical devices, water, waste management, energy, climate tech, fintech etc.

Eligibility of NIDHI-SSS

  • Must be a registered company in India with a minimum of three months of residency at the Science and Technology Entrepreneurs' Park (STEP) / Technology Business Incubators (TBIs).
  • Must be an Indian start-up.
  • Must have Indian promoters holding the shares of at least 51% in the incubated startup.

Please note: This assistance is not intended for Indian subsidiaries of multinational corporations or foreign companies. However, individuals holding Overseas Citizens of India (OCI) or Persons of Indian Origin (PIO) status will be treated as Indian citizens under this scheme.

Application procedure for Startups

  • Website and newspaper ads are posted to signal the availability of seed support at specific incubator organizations.
  • Social media posts announce the call for applications.
  • Applicants are shortlisted based on eligibility criteria.
  • The NIDHI-SSMC makes decisions regarding the shortlisted applicants.
  • Selected applicants are chosen for funding.

Benefits of NIDHI-SSS

Seed support of up to INR 100 Lakhs with average financial seed funding ranging from INR 25 Lakhs.

Other assistance areas include:

  • Product development
  • Testing and trials
  • Test Marketing
  • Mentoring
  • Professional Consultancy
  • IPR issues
  • Manpower for day-to-day operations

Frequently Asked Questions

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Private Limited Company
(Pvt. Ltd.)

1,499 + Govt. Fee
BEST SUITED FOR
  • Service-based businesses
  • Businesses looking to issue shares
  • Businesses seeking investment through equity-based funding


Limited Liability Partnership
(LLP)

1,499 + Govt. Fee
BEST SUITED FOR
  • Professional services 
  • Firms seeking any capital contribution from Partners
  • Firms sharing resources with limited liability 

One Person Company
(OPC)

1,499 + Govt. Fee
BEST SUITED FOR
  • Freelancers, Small-scale businesses
  • Businesses looking for minimal compliance
  • Businesses looking for single-ownership

Private Limited Company
(Pvt. Ltd.)

1,499 + Govt. Fee
BEST SUITED FOR
  • Service-based businesses
  • Businesses looking to issue shares
  • Businesses seeking investment through equity-based funding


One Person Company
(OPC)

1,499 + Govt. Fee
BEST SUITED FOR
  • Freelancers, Small-scale businesses
  • Businesses looking for minimal compliance
  • Businesses looking for single-ownership

Private Limited Company
(Pvt. Ltd.)

1,499 + Govt. Fee
BEST SUITED FOR
  • Service-based businesses
  • Businesses looking to issue shares
  • Businesses seeking investment through equity-based funding


Limited Liability Partnership
(LLP)

1,499 + Govt. Fee
BEST SUITED FOR
  • Professional services 
  • Firms seeking any capital contribution from Partners
  • Firms sharing resources with limited liability 

Frequently Asked Questions

How does the application process for the NIDHI Seed Support Scheme work?

The application process involves submitting a detailed proposal outlining the startup's innovative idea, project plan, budgetary requirements, and expected outcomes. Shortlisted applicants may be required to undergo further evaluation and due diligence before final selection.

Is there a limit on the number of times a startup can apply for funding under the NIDHI Seed Support Scheme?

A startup supported once will not be eligible to apply for subsequent rounds of seed support to any STEP/TBIs.

What is the post-selection process of the NIDHI-SSS?

The post-selection process in the NIDHI Seed Support Scheme typically involves several steps aimed at facilitating the disbursement of funds and providing ongoing support to the selected startups.

After the seed support is recommended to an incubated startup, the terms of agreement with the incubated startup are framed by the STEP/TB, linking the progress milestones, monitoring norms, reasonable repayment, recovery provisions in case of loan, and terms of equity liquidation in case of equity holding by STEP/TBI.

Characteristics of Private Limited Company - Razorpay Rize

Characteristics of Private Limited Company - Razorpay Rize

Table of Contents

What is a Private Limited Company?

A Private Limited Company is a business structure in India registered under the Companies Act, 2013. It is a separate legal entity from its owners, with its own rights and liabilities. Characteristics of private company include limited liability for shareholders, restrictions on share transfers, and a minimum of two members.

Under Section 2(68) of the Companies Act, 2013, a Private Limited Company is defined as a company that restricts the right to transfer its shares, limits the number of members to 200 (excluding employees), and prohibits any invitation to the public to subscribe for its securities.

Characteristics of a Private Limited Company

Characteristics of private companies make it a preferred business structure for growing startups and SMEs in India. A Private Limited Company has several distinct characteristics that define its structure, ownership, and operations. Features of a private limited company such as limited liability, perpetual succession, easier fundraising, and professional image help entrepreneurs scale their business while mitigating risks. Understanding these features of a private limited company is crucial for entrepreneurs considering this business model. These include:

Separate Legal Entity

A Private Limited Company is a separate legal entity from its shareholders. This means the company can enter into contracts, own assets, incur liabilities, and sue or be sued in its own name. The company's existence is independent of its members, providing continuity and perpetual succession.

Limited Liability of Members

One of the biggest advantages of a Private Limited Company is the limited liability protection it offers to its shareholders. The liability of members is limited to the amount of share capital they have subscribed to. Their personal assets are protected in case the company faces losses or legal issues. This reduces the financial risk for shareholders.

Minimum and Maximum Members

A Private Limited Company requires a minimum of two members and can have a maximum of 200 members (excluding employees). These members can be individuals, other companies, or foreign entities. Having multiple shareholders allows for pooling of resources and expertise.

Restriction on Share Transfer

Shares of a Private Limited Company cannot be freely transferred to the public. Any transfer of shares requires the approval of the company's Board of Directors. The right to transfer shares is restricted by the company's Articles of Association, and existing shareholders have the first right to purchase any shares offered for sale. This helps maintain control over ownership.

Minimum Capital Requirement

There is no minimum capital requirement for incorporating a Private Limited Company in India. This makes it easier for startups and small businesses to adopt this structure without significant upfront investment. However, the company's authorized and paid-up capital must be mentioned in its Memorandum of Association.

Perpetual Succession

A Private Limited Company has perpetual succession, which means its existence is not affected by the entry or exit of members. The company continues to operate even if all the original shareholders and directors change over time, providing stability and continuity for the business.

Use of "Private Limited" in Name

A Private Limited Company must use the words "Private Limited" or "Pvt Ltd" at the end of its name. This helps distinguish it from public limited companies and sole proprietorships. The name should not be identical or too similar to any existing company to avoid confusion.

Mandatory Registration

Incorporation of a Private Limited Company is mandatory and must be registered with the Registrar of Companies (ROC). The company comes into existence only upon registration and is given a Certificate of Incorporation. This is different from sole proprietorships and partnerships, which can operate without formal registration.

Statutory Compliance

Private Limited Companies are subject to various statutory compliances under the Companies Act, 2013. These include conducting board meetings, maintaining statutory registers and records, filing annual returns, and appointing auditors. Non-compliance can lead to penalties and legal consequences.

Documents Required to Register a Private Limited Company

1. Director Identification Number (DIN) for each proposed director

2. Digital Signature Certificate (DSC) for each proposed director

3. Proof of identity and address for directors and shareholders

4. Proof of registered office address

5. Memorandum of Association (MOA) and Articles of Association (AOA)

6. Consent letters from directors

7. PAN card of directors and shareholders

8. Passport-size photographs of directors

Process to Register Private Limited Company

Incorporating a Private Limited Company involves obtaining Director Identification Number (DIN), Digital Signature Certificate (DSC), and filing necessary documents required for pvt ltd registration. Seeking professional advice from legal and financial experts can help navigate the registration process smoothly. The process of registering a Private Limited Company involves the following steps:

  1. Obtain Director Identification Number (DIN) for each proposed director: Directors must apply for a DIN through the SPICe+ (Simplified Proforma for Incorporating a Company Electronically Plus) form. DIN can also be applied during incorporation.
  2. Acquire Digital Signature Certificate (DSC) for each proposed director: All directors and shareholders must obtain a Class 3 Digital Signature Certificate (DSC). The DSC is used to sign forms electronically during the registration process.
  3. Select and apply for a unique company name through the RUN (Reserve Unique Name) service: Use the RUN (Reserve Unique Name) service on the MCA portal to propose a unique company name. Ensure compliance with the Companies Act, 2013 and avoid prohibited or identical names.
  4. Draft the Memorandum of Association (MOA) and Articles of Association (AOA): Draft key documents, including:
  • Memorandum of Association (MoA) – Defines the company’s objectives.
  • Articles of Association (AoA) – Details operational rules and regulations. Obtain affidavits, declarations, and consent from directors.
  1. File the SPICe+ form along with required documents and payment of fees: Submit the SPICe+ form on the MCA portal with DSC. Attach MoA, AoA, and applications for PAN, TAN, and GST registration (if applicable). Pay the required fees and stamp duty online.
  2. Obtain Certificate of Incorporation from ROC upon successful registration: Upon approval, the Certificate of Incorporation is issued by the Registrar of Companies (RoC). This includes the Company Identification Number (CIN), confirming legal status.

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Types of Private Limited Companies

Based on the liability of members, Private Limited Companies can be categorised into three types:

  1. Company Limited by Shares: The liability of members is limited to the amount unpaid on their shares. This is the most common type of Private Limited Company.
  2. Company Limited by Guarantee: The liability of members is limited to the amount they have agreed to contribute to the company's assets in the event of its winding up.
  3. Unlimited Company: Members' liability is unlimited. They are liable for the company's debts and obligations.

Frequently Asked Questions:

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Register your Business starting at just 1,499 + Govt. Fee

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Register your Limited Liability Partnership in just 1,499 + Govt. Fee

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Private Limited Company
(Pvt. Ltd.)

1,499 + Govt. Fee
BEST SUITED FOR
  • Service-based businesses
  • Businesses looking to issue shares
  • Businesses seeking investment through equity-based funding


Limited Liability Partnership
(LLP)

1,499 + Govt. Fee
BEST SUITED FOR
  • Professional services 
  • Firms seeking any capital contribution from Partners
  • Firms sharing resources with limited liability 

One Person Company
(OPC)

1,499 + Govt. Fee
BEST SUITED FOR
  • Freelancers, Small-scale businesses
  • Businesses looking for minimal compliance
  • Businesses looking for single-ownership

Private Limited Company
(Pvt. Ltd.)

1,499 + Govt. Fee
BEST SUITED FOR
  • Service-based businesses
  • Businesses looking to issue shares
  • Businesses seeking investment through equity-based funding


One Person Company
(OPC)

1,499 + Govt. Fee
BEST SUITED FOR
  • Freelancers, Small-scale businesses
  • Businesses looking for minimal compliance
  • Businesses looking for single-ownership

Private Limited Company
(Pvt. Ltd.)

1,499 + Govt. Fee
BEST SUITED FOR
  • Service-based businesses
  • Businesses looking to issue shares
  • Businesses seeking investment through equity-based funding


Limited Liability Partnership
(LLP)

1,499 + Govt. Fee
BEST SUITED FOR
  • Professional services 
  • Firms seeking any capital contribution from Partners
  • Firms sharing resources with limited liability 

Frequently Asked Questions

What are the benefits of a private limited company?

Some key benefits of a private limited company include limited liability protection for shareholders, better credibility and professional image, perpetual succession, easier access to funding, and ability to offer Employee Stock Options (ESOPs).

What is the difference between pvt ltd and llp?

Private Limited Company vs. Limited Liability Partnerships: A Private Limited Company has shareholders and directors, while an LLP has partners. LLPs have lesser compliance requirements compared to Private Limited Companies. However, Private Limited Companies offer more flexibility in ownership structure and fundraising.

Who is the owner of Pvt Ltd?

The owners of a Private Limited Company are its shareholders. The ownership is determined by the number of shares held by each member. The shareholders appoint directors to manage the day-to-day operations of the company.

How much tax does a private limited company pay?

Private Limited Companies are taxed as separate legal entities. The corporate tax rate is 25% for companies with an annual turnover of up to Rs. 400 crores (as of FY 2021-22). Surcharge and cess are applicable based on the company's income level.

What are the tax benefits of Pvt Ltd company?

Private Limited Companies can avail several tax benefits and deductions, such as:

  • Deduction of business expenses incurred wholly for the purpose of the business
  • Depreciation on fixed assets
  • Carry forward and set off of losses
  • Deductions for employee welfare expenses
  • Deductions for donations made to charitable organizations

Is GST required for a private limited company?

Yes, a Private Limited Company is required to register for Goods and Services Tax (GST) if its annual turnover exceeds the threshold limit (Rs. 40 lakhs for goods and Rs. 20 lakhs for services, as of FY 2021-22). GST registration is mandatory for companies engaged in inter-state transactions, irrespective of turnover.

Appointment of Director to Your Company: Eligibility, Procedure & More

Appointment of Director to Your Company: Eligibility, Procedure & More

Appointment of a director is a crucial step in establishing a Private Limited Company. A director oversees the company's operations and ensures compliance with legal requirements. 

Additionally, directors play a vital role in protecting shareholder investments and steering the company towards success. In this article, we will delve into the process of appointing a director in a Private Limited Company, the eligibility criteria to be a director and the provisions of the Companies Act 2013 for the appointment of directors.

Table of Contents

Understanding the Role of a Director

Directors are individuals appointed by shareholders to supervise a company's activities, as guided by the Memorandum of Association (MOA) and Articles of Association (AOA). Since a company is a legal entity and cannot act independently, it functions through its directors. The Board of Directors, composed of these individuals, is responsible for the company's management and decision-making.

In a Private Limited Company, directors hold significant importance. They are tasked with making everyday decisions and overseeing the company's administration. Shareholders rely on directors to manage their investments effectively and ensure the company's growth and success.

Types of Directors of a Company

Directors are categorised into various types based on their roles and responsibilities. Let us take a closer look at each type:

Executive Directors

  • Actively involved in the company's daily management.
  • Often hold specific executive roles, such as CEO, CFO or COO.
  • Responsible for implementing the company's strategies and policies.

Non-Executive Directors

  • Do not participate in the company's day-to-day management.
  • Provide independent oversight to the company's board and management.
  • Offer valuable insights and advice based on their expertise and experience.

Independent Directors

  • A subset of non-executive directors with no financial or other vested interests in the company apart from their role as directors.
  • Primary responsibility is to safeguard the interests of the company's shareholders.
  • Ensure transparency and accountability in the company's operations.

Nominee Directors

  • Appointed by third-party authorities or the Government to tackle mismanagement and misconduct.
  • Represent the interests of the appointing authority.
  • Monitor the company's activities and report any irregularities.

Appointment of Director to Private Limited Company

Specific requirements must be met when appointing directors in a Private Limited Company, these are:

  • The maximum directors in a private company is 15. 
  • The minimum directors in a private company is 2.
  • The limit of 15 directors can be exceeded by appointing additional directors through a special resolution with the support of 75% or more shareholders.
  • The appointment of directors must be in accordance with the provisions of the Companies Act 2013.

Provisions of the Companies Act, 2013

The Companies Act 2013 includes several key provisions related to the appointment and roles of directors:

  • Section 149: Details mandatory requirements, such as having a certain number of directors, including a female director and a resident director.
  • Section 152: Specifies the process for appointing directors at the company's general meeting and mandates the use of the Director Identification Number (DIN).
  • Section 161: Provides guidelines for appointing additional, alternate and nominee directors by the Board.
  • Section 164: Lists the disqualifications for becoming a director, ensuring that only eligible individuals are appointed to the board.

By adhering to these provisions, companies can establish a well-structured and compliant board of directors.

Reasons for Adding or Changing Directors in a Company

There are several reasons why a company may choose to appoint new directors/board of directors or change its existing board composition:

  1. Introducing New Talent: As a company grows, it may become necessary to bring new talent to the board to address new challenges and requirements that come with expansion.
  2. Preventing Ownership Dilution: By appointing additional directors, shareholders can delegate more operational responsibilities without relinquishing strategic control.
  3. Addressing Inefficiency of Current Directors: A company may appoint new directors to maintain efficiency if existing directors are underperforming due to personal issues.
  4. Complying with Statutory Requirements: Companies must maintain a specific number of directors according to the Companies Act 2013. They must promptly appoint new directors to comply with legal requirements if the number falls below the minimum.

Eligibility to Be A Director in a Company

To be eligible for appointment as a director, an individual must meet the following criteria:

  • Be at least 18 years old, as minors are not permitted to hold the director position.
  • Not be disqualified under the provisions of the Company Act 2013, which include:
    • Being an undischarged insolvent
    • Having been convicted of an offence involving moral turpitude
    • Having been convicted of an offence under the Companies Act 2013
    • Having been disqualified by an order of a court or tribunal
  • Have mutual consent from the Board of Directors, shareholders and the individual being considered for the directorship.

It is crucial to ensure that the prospective director meets these eligibility criteria before proceeding with the appointment process.

Documents for Director Appointment

When appointing a director, the following documents are required:

  1. PAN card
  2. Identity proof (Voter ID, driver's license, Aadhaar card, etc.)
  3. Residence proof (utility bills, rental agreement, etc.)
  4. Recent passport-sized photograph
  5. Digital Signature Certificate (DSC)

Procedure for Appointing/Add a Director to a Company

The process of appointing a director involves several key steps:

  1. Reviewing the Articles of Association (AOA)

The first step is to review the company's Articles of Association (AOA) to ensure that it includes a clause permitting the appointment or addition of directors. If the current AOA lacks such a provision, it should be amended to include one before proceeding with the director's appointment.

  1. Conducting a General Meeting for Director Appointment

The company must formally appoint a director by passing a resolution in a general meeting, either during an Annual General Meeting (AGM) or an Extraordinary General Meeting (EGM). 

To arrange an EGM, the company must conduct a board meeting to pass a resolution for holding the EGM. The resolution to appoint the director must be filed in Form MGT-14 with the Registrar of Companies within 30 days.

  1. Applying for Director Identification Number (DIN) & Digital Signature Certificate (DSC)

The individual selected for directorship must apply for a Digital Signature Certificate (DSC) and a Director Identification Number (DIN) if they do not already possess these. After obtaining the DIN, the prospective director must provide the company with their DIN along with a declaration affirming that they are not disqualified from being a director.

  1. Obtaining Consent from the Prospective Director – Form DIR-2

The individual proposed for directorship must express their consent to serve in this role by submitting Form DIR-2, a formal consent to act as a director. An individual can only be appointed as a company director by explicitly giving their consent. This step is crucial to ensure that the prospective director is willing to take on the responsibilities associated with the position.

  1. Issuing a Letter of Appointment to the Director

After obtaining consent from the prospective director, the company should issue a formal Letter of Appointment. This director appointment should detail the terms and conditions of the appointment, including the director's roles, responsibilities and any remuneration or salary. The Letter of Appointment serves as a legal document that outlines the expectations and obligations of both the company and the director.

  1. Filing Forms DIR-2 and DIR-12 with the ROC

Once the resolution for the appointment of a director is passed and the individual has submitted Form DIR-2, the company can officially appoint them as a director. 

The company must file both Form DIR-2 and Form DIR-12 (detailing the particulars of the director's appointment) with the Registrar of Companies (ROC) within 30 days of the director's appointment. Failing to file these forms within the prescribed time frame can result in penalties and legal complications.

  1. Filing Amendment Applications with GST and Tax Authorities

After appointing a new director, the company must file the necessary applications to update the director's details with various regulatory authorities, including the GST Network (GSTN) and other relevant certificates, to reflect the change in directorship. This step ensures that the company remains compliant with all legal and regulatory requirements related to its directors.

Frequently Asked Questions:

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Frequently Asked Questions

How to appoint a director in a company?

To appoint a director in a company, follow these steps:

  1. Review the Articles of Association (AOA) to ensure it allows for the appointment of new directors.
  2. Conduct a general meeting (AGM or EGM) to pass a resolution for the director's appointment.
  3. Ensure the prospective director applies for a Director Identification Number (DIN) and Digital Signature Certificate (DSC).
  4. Obtain consent from the prospective director through Form DIR-2.
  5. Issue a Letter of Appointment to the director.
  6. File Forms DIR-2 and DIR-12 with the Registrar of Companies (ROC) within 30 days of the appointment.
  7. Update the director's details with relevant regulatory authorities, such as the GST Network (GSTN).

What are the criteria for the appointment of a director?

The criteria for the appointment of a director include:

  • Being at least 18 years old.
  • Not being disqualified under the provisions of the Company Act, 2013.
  • Having mutual consent from the Board of Directors, shareholders and the individual being considered for the directorship.

Possessing a valid Director Identification Number (DIN) and Digital Signature Certificate (DSC).

How do you write a Director's appointment letter?

A Director's appointment letter should include the following details:

  • The date of appointment
  • The term of appointment (if applicable)
  • The roles and responsibilities of the director
  • Remuneration or salary details (if any)
  • Expectations regarding attendance at board meetings and other company events.
  • Confidentiality and non-disclosure clauses
  • Termination conditions

What is the manner of appointment of Directors?

Directors are appointed through a formal resolution passed at a general meeting of the company (AGM or EGM). The appointment must be approved by the shareholders and comply with the provisions of the Companies Act, 2013. The appointed director must provide their consent through Form DIR-2 and possess a valid Director Identification Number (DIN) and Digital Signature Certificate (DSC).

How much does it cost to appoint a director?

The cost of appointing a director may vary depending on factors such as:

  • Professional fees for legal and compliance services.
  • Filing fees for Forms DIR-2 and DIR-12 with the Registrar of Companies (ROC).
  • Charges for obtaining a Director Identification Number (DIN) and Digital Signature Certificate (DSC).
  • Any remuneration or salary offered to the director.

It is advisable to consult with a legal professional or corporate service provider to determine the specific costs involved in appointing a director for your company.

How long does a director appointment take?

The timeline for a director appointment may vary depending on factors such as:

  • The availability of the required documents and information.
  • The time taken to conduct the general meeting and pass the appointment resolution.
  • The processing time for obtaining a Director Identification Number (DIN) and Digital Signature Certificate (DSC).
  • The efficiency of filing Forms DIR-2 and DIR-12 with the Registrar of Companies (ROC).

Typically, the entire process of appointing a director can take anywhere from a few days to a couple of weeks, subject to the company's diligence and compliance with legal requirements.

What documents are required for a director appointment?

The documents required for a director appointment include:

  • PAN Card
  • Identification Proof (Voter ID, Driving Licence, Aadhaar Card, etc.)
  • Proof of Residence (utility bills, rental agreements, etc.)
  • Passport Size Photograph
  • Digital Signature Certificate (DSC)
  • Consent to act as a director (Form DIR-2)
  • Declaration of non-disqualification

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