{"id":23276,"date":"2025-06-30T12:17:48","date_gmt":"2025-06-30T06:47:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blog.razorpay.in\/blog\/?p=23276"},"modified":"2025-07-29T18:20:15","modified_gmt":"2025-07-29T12:50:15","slug":"differences-between-a-payment-service-provider-psp-third-party-upi-app-tpap","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/razorpay.com\/blog\/differences-between-a-payment-service-provider-psp-third-party-upi-app-tpap\/","title":{"rendered":"Differences between a Payment Service Provider (PSP) &#038; Third-Party UPI App (TPAP?\u00a0"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">When you tap <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pay Now<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> on a UPI app, the transaction feels instant and effortless. But behind that simple action is a powerful backend system involving multiple regulated players working together to move money securely. Two of the most critical participants in this system are Payment Service Providers (PSPs) and Third Party Application Providers (TPAPs).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">If you\u2019re curious about how UPI works behind the scenes and the different roles and responsibilities of PSPs and TPAPs, you\u2019re in the right place.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-23314\" src=\"https:\/\/d6xcmfyh68wv8.cloudfront.net\/blog-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/img3-4-1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"2160\" height=\"430\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blog.razorpay.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/img3-4-1.png 2160w, https:\/\/blog.razorpay.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/img3-4-1-300x60.png 300w, https:\/\/blog.razorpay.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/img3-4-1-1024x204.png 1024w, https:\/\/blog.razorpay.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/img3-4-1-768x153.png 768w, https:\/\/blog.razorpay.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/img3-4-1-1536x306.png 1536w, https:\/\/blog.razorpay.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/img3-4-1-2048x408.png 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2160px) 100vw, 2160px\" \/><\/p>\n<div style=\"text-align: center;\"><a style=\"border-radius: 3px; background: #528FF0; padding: 15px; font-weight: 600; cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none; color: white;\" href=\"https:\/\/razorpay.typeform.com\/to\/UH2KztJp#source=art2\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Get in touch with us<\/a><\/div>\n<h2><b>What Is a PSP (Payment Service Provider)?<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Behind every successful UPI transaction is a Payment Service Provider (PSP) &#8211; typically a bank that\u2019s authorised by the National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI) to connect directly with the UPI platform.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">These PSP banks are the primary interface between the UPI infrastructure and the Indian banking system. Whether a business is collecting payments via UPI on its website, settling refunds to a customer, or disbursing vendor payouts, the transaction ultimately flows through a PSP. They ensure that funds are routed accurately, securely, and in compliance with regulatory norms &#8211; whether the end-user is a consumer or a business entity.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">To elaborate a little more, let\u2019s look at the key functions and responsibilities of a PSP i.e. what it is that they actually do &#8211;\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Onboarding users and merchants onto UPI<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Whether a customer is signing up via the bank\u2019s app or a TPAP\u2019s app, the PSP handles UPI registration, performs KYC, and links funding accounts to UPI IDs.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Transaction authentication and routing<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: PSPs validate users during setup, authenticate transactions, and route requests through the UPI system securely and reliably.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Partnering with TPAPs<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: PSPs officially onboard TPAPs and are responsible for ensuring their systems are technically and operationally compliant with UPI standards.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>App security and audit oversight<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: PSPs must ensure that the TPAP\u2019s UPI app is secure, regularly audited, and adheres to guidelines that protect user data and transaction integrity.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Data localisation and storage<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: All UPI transaction data must be stored securely in India. The PSP is accountable for this, regardless of whether the data originates from its own app or a TPAP app.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Bank account linking flexibility<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: PSPs are required to allow users the option to link any bank account from participating UPI banks &#8211; not just accounts with the PSP bank itself.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Dispute resolution and customer support<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: PSPs are responsible for addressing UPI-related grievances and resolving disputes &#8211; even for transactions that originate from a TPAP app.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">So while PSPs handle the backend infrastructure, regulatory compliance, and system-level connectivity, app development and the user-facing experience are typically managed by another key participant in the UPI framework &#8211; the Third Party Application Provider (TPAP).<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><b>What Is a TPAP (Third Party Application Provider)?<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A Third Party Application Provider (TPAP) is a non-bank entity that offers UPI-powered services through a customer-facing app &#8211; think of apps like Google Pay, PhonePe, or Cred. While TPAPs aren\u2019t banks themselves, they partner with licensed PSP banks to access the UPI network and enable users to send and receive payments.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In very simple terms, if a PSP is the highway, the TPAP is the vehicle that gets the end-user from point A to point B.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>What Do TPAPs Bring to the Table?<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Unlike PSPs that handle banking and infrastructure, businesses who become TPAPs focus on delivering the user experience. Their responsibilities include:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Building and managing the UPI app<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: TPAPs design the front-end application that users interact with, including onboarding flows, PIN setup, contact syncing, and transaction history.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Compliance with PSP and NPCI requirements:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> TPAPs must follow all technical, operational, and security standards set by both the PSP they partner with and the NPCI.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>System security:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> TPAPs are responsible for ensuring their apps and systems are secure, reliable, and able to function seamlessly within the UPI ecosystem.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Legal and regulatory adherence:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> TPAPs must comply with all applicable laws, regulations, and guidelines from statutory and regulatory authorities, including all NPCI circulars related to UPI participation.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Data storage and localisation:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> All payment-related data collected by TPAPs &#8211; including UPI transaction data &#8211; must be stored securely within India.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Audit cooperation:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> TPAPs are required to facilitate audits and data access by RBI, NPCI, or any agencies nominated by them, to ensure transparency and compliance.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Customer grievance redressal:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> TPAPs must provide users with accessible channels &#8211; such as in-app support, email, IVR, or messaging &#8211; to raise complaints and resolve disputes related to UPI transactions.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Key Differences Between TPAPs and PSPs<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">While both PSPs and TPAPs are essential to the UPI ecosystem, their roles, responsibilities, and regulatory obligations differ significantly. PSPs focus on the backend infrastructure and regulatory compliance, while TPAPs specialize in delivering user-facing UPI apps and experiences.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Aspect<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>PSP (Payment Service Provider)<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>TPAP (Third Party Application Provider)<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Definition<\/b><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A bank or regulated financial institution directly connected to the UPI platform via NPCI<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A third-party app or fintech company that offers UPI services by partnering with a PSP<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Role in UPI Ecosystem<\/b><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Enables UPI transactions by handling settlement, compliance, and user authentication<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Provides the app interface through which users initiate and complete UPI payments<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Entity Type<\/b><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Typically a bank or financial institution regulated by RBI<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Fintech company, mobile app, or platform providing UPI functionality<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>NPCI Integration<\/b><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Directly connected to NPCI and UPI infrastructure<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Operates through the PSP\u2019s UPI connection<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Responsibilities<\/b><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">User onboarding and KYC, transaction routing and settlement, compliance, fraud prevention, dispute resolution<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">App development, user experience (UI\/UX), transaction initiation, customer support<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Regulatory Oversight<\/b><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Subject to RBI and NPCI regulations directly; must ensure TPAP compliance<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Must comply with applicable regulations via their PSP; also subject to NPCI audits and guidelines<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Data Storage<\/b><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Must store all UPI-related data securely and locally within India<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Also required to store UPI transaction data within India<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Grievance Redressal<\/b><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Provides complaint redressal mechanisms for users and merchants<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Offers support channels (in-app, email, etc.) for raising and addressing UPI-related complaints<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Revenue Model<\/b><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Earns through transaction processing fees, interchange, and bank partnerships<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">May monetize through partnerships, premium services, or value-added features in their app<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Understanding the differences between PSPs and TPAPs gives us a clearer picture of their individual roles &#8211; but it\u2019s their collaboration that truly powers every UPI transaction.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Let\u2019s break down how these two entities work together behind the scenes to make a payment happen.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><b>How PSPs and TPAPs Collaborate in UPI Transactions<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Every UPI payment &#8211; whether it\u2019s a customer paying on your app or a business settling vendor dues &#8211; is the result of a coordinated effort between the TPAP and the PSP. Together, they handle everything from initiating the request to settling the funds and confirming the transaction.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Here\u2019s a simplified step-by-step breakdown of how that collaboration works:<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>Step-by-Step: How a UPI Transaction Happens<\/b><\/h3>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>User opens the TPAP app<\/b><b><br \/>\n<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The journey begins on a TPAP app &#8211; this is where the user initiates the transaction, whether it&#8217;s scanning a QR code, entering a UPI ID, or clicking &#8220;Pay.&#8221;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>TPAP sends the payment request to the PSP<\/b><b><br \/>\n<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The TPAP packages the transaction details (amount, payee VPA, etc.) and forwards them to the PSP it is integrated with.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>PSP authenticates the user and validates the transaction<\/b><b><br \/>\n<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The PSP performs critical checks &#8211; including user authentication (via MPIN or device binding) and ensures there are sufficient funds.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>PSP routes the transaction through the NPCI\u2019s UPI switch<\/b><b><br \/>\n<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Once validated, the PSP passes the request to the NPCI, which acts as the central routing and switching authority.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>NPCI forwards the request to the recipient\u2019s bank (another PSP)<\/b><b><br \/>\n<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The NPCI identifies the recipient bank based on the VPA and sends the debit\/credit request accordingly.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Recipient bank confirms the transaction<\/b><b><br \/>\n<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">If everything checks out, the recipient bank credits the funds and sends a success response back through the NPCI.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>PSP receives the confirmation and informs the TPAP<\/b><b><br \/>\n<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The sender\u2019s PSP receives the confirmation and relays it back to the TPAP.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>TPAP displays success\/failure status to the user<\/b><b><br \/>\n<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Finally, the user sees a real-time success or failure message in the TPAP app, completing the transaction loop.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2><b>How Razorpay TPAP Pro Helps<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">By now, you\u2019ve got a clear understanding of how UPI works behind the scenes.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">If your business is exploring the idea of becoming a TPAP and availing the range of advantages that come with it, the Razorpay TPAP Pro can help. Here\u2019s how &#8211;\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Razorpay TPAP Pro is a comprehensive solution that helps businesses become TPAPs &#8211; without having to build everything from scratch or navigate the regulatory maze alone. We\u2019ve bundled the core infra, compliance, and partner integrations needed to help you go live faster and more securely.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">What You Get with TPAP Pro:<\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Direct Access to UPI Infrastructure via Razorpay\u2019s partner PSP banks<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Custom-Branded UPI App Support with full control over user experience<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">End-to-End Compliance Assistance with NPCI, RBI, and data localization norms<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Robust Security, Risk &amp; Audit Frameworks pre-certified for UPI<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Razorpay\u2019s High-Performance UPI Switch with 99.9%+ uptime and industry-grade latency<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Faster Go-To-Market with ready APIs, SDKs, and expert onboarding support<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dedicated Account Management for ongoing operations and escalations<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-23337\" src=\"https:\/\/d6xcmfyh68wv8.cloudfront.net\/blog-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/img3-5-1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"2160\" height=\"344\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blog.razorpay.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/img3-5-1.png 2160w, https:\/\/blog.razorpay.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/img3-5-1-300x48.png 300w, https:\/\/blog.razorpay.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/img3-5-1-1024x163.png 1024w, https:\/\/blog.razorpay.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/img3-5-1-768x122.png 768w, https:\/\/blog.razorpay.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/img3-5-1-1536x245.png 1536w, https:\/\/blog.razorpay.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/img3-5-1-2048x326.png 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2160px) 100vw, 2160px\" \/><\/p>\n<div style=\"text-align: center;\"><a style=\"border-radius: 3px; background: #528FF0; padding: 15px; font-weight: 600; cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none; color: white;\" href=\"https:\/\/razorpay.typeform.com\/to\/UH2KztJp#source=art2\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Get in touch with us<\/a><\/div>\n<h2><b>Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)<\/b><\/h2>\n<h2><b style=\"font-size: 19px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.74);\">1. Can a fintech app be both a PSP and a TPAP?<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">No, only a bank can be a PSP. A fintech app can become a TPAP by partnering with a PSP bank.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b style=\"font-size: 19px;\">2. What role does NPCI play in UPI transactions involving PSP and TPAP?<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">NPCI operates the UPI infrastructure and sets the rules, certifies participants, and ensures compliance.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b style=\"font-size: 19px;\">3. What are the benefits of using a TPAP for UPI transactions?<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">TPAPs offer a smooth, branded user experience while integrating seamlessly with UPI rails via PSPs.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b style=\"font-size: 19px;\">4. How do I choose the right PSP or TPAP for my business?<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Consider factors like reliability, compliance support, integration options, and time-to-market \u2014 or opt for solutions like Razorpay TPAP Pro.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><script type=\"application\/ld+json\">\n{\n  \"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\",\n  \"@type\": \"FAQPage\",\n  \"mainEntity\": [\n    {\n      \"@type\": \"Question\",\n      \"name\": \"Can a fintech app be both a PSP and a TPAP?\",\n      \"acceptedAnswer\": {\n        \"@type\": \"Answer\",\n        \"text\": \"No, only a bank can be a PSP. 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But behind that simple action is a powerful backend system involving multiple regulated players working together to move money securely. Two of the most critical participants in this system are Payment Service Providers (PSPs) and Third Party Application Providers (TPAPs).<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":129,"featured_media":23630,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[498],"tags":[810,861,674,93,1071],"class_list":{"0":"post-23276","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-upi","8":"tag-psp","9":"tag-psp-in-upi","10":"tag-razorpay-upi","11":"tag-upi","12":"tag-upi-tpap"},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/razorpay.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/23276","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/razorpay.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/razorpay.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/razorpay.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/129"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/razorpay.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=23276"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/razorpay.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/23276\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":23339,"href":"https:\/\/razorpay.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/23276\/revisions\/23339"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/razorpay.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/23630"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/razorpay.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=23276"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/razorpay.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=23276"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/razorpay.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=23276"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}